ch 7

Question 1

dominant cerebral hemisphere

Answer 1

the greater capacity of one side of the brain, i.e. handedness

Question 2

cerebellum

Answer 2

structure that aids in balance and control of body movement

Question 3

reticular formation

Answer 3

structure in base of brain stem that maintains consciousness and alertness

Question 4

corpus callosum

Answer 4

large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres

Question 5

pituitary gland

Answer 5

located at base of brain playing critical role by releasing two growth stimulating hormones , GH and TSH

Question 6

growth hormone

Answer 6

necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and genitals, from pituitary gland

Question 7

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 7

prompts the thyroid clans in the neck to release thyroxine - necessary for brain development and works with GH to have its full impact on body size

Question 8

preoperational stage

Answer 8

spans the years 2-7, the most obvious cane is an extraordinary increase in representational or symbolic activity

Question 9

sociodramatic dramatic play

Answer 9

the make believe with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood

Question 10

dual representation

Answer 10

viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol

Question 11

egocentrism

Answer 11

failure to distinguish others symbolic viewpoints from one’s own

Question 12

conservation

Answer 12

refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, eve when their outward appearance changes

Question 13

centration

Answer 13

they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting the other important features

Question 14

irreversibility

Answer 14

an inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point

Question 15

hierarchical classification

Answer 15

the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences

Question 16

private speech

Answer 16

self directed speech, based on vygotsky, viewed as self guidance, starts as external when young then becomes internal

Question 17

scaffolding

Answer 17

adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the childs current level of performance

Question 18

guided participation

Answer 18

a broader concept than scaffolding, refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants without specifying the precise features of communication

Question 19

memory strategies

Answer 19

deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering

Question 20

episodic memory

Answer 20

memory for everyday experiences

Question 21

scripts

Answer 21

general description of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation

Question 22

metacognition

Answer 22

thinking about thought

Question 23

emergent literacy

Answer 23

children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

Question 24

phonological awareness

Answer 24

ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language

Question 25

ordinality

Answer 25

order relationships between quantities

Question 26

cardinality

Answer 26

that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set

Question 27

child-centered programs

Answer 27

teachers provide a variety of activities from which children elect and much learning takes place through play

Question 28

academic programs

Answer 28

teachers structure children’s learning and academic skills through formal lessons often using repetition and drill

Question 29

project head start

Answer 29

federal program from 1965 providing children with a year or two or preschool along with nutritional and health services, parent involvement in critical

Question 30

fast-mapping

Answer 30

process that connects new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter

Question 31

overregularization

Answer 31

over extending the rules to words that are exceptions a type of error

Question 32

pragmatics

Answer 32

children must learn to engage in effective and appropriate communication, - the practical and social side of language

Question 33

recasts

Answer 33

restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form

Question 34

expansions

Answer 34

elaborating on children’s speech increasing its complexity