Ch 7: Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive Development Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

who is referred to Early childhood

A

2-6 years

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2
Q

boys vs girls height and weight

A

boys are slightly taller and bigger than girls

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3
Q

brain development

A

-2 years old brain is 75% of total wight
-5 years old brain is 90% of adult weight

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4
Q

what increases brain size

A

myelination of nerve fibres

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5
Q

linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex helps in what way

A

development with fine motor skills, balance and coordination

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6
Q

from age 4-7 the nerves have been more myelinated what does this mean for development?

A

brain can be involved in the ability to sustain attention and screen out distractions

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7
Q

what hemisphere dominant is right handed people

A

left hemisphere

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8
Q

right hemisphere functions

A

visual-spatial functions, aesthetic and emotional response

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9
Q

plasticity if the brain

A

brains ability to compensate for injuries to particular parts of the brain

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10
Q

left hemisphere function

A

more involved in intellect, logical analysis, problem-solving language and computation.

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11
Q

when is plasticity greatest

A

1-2 years of age it is lessened as adulthood comes

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12
Q

what contributes to the brains plasticity

A

sprouting: growth of new dendrites

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13
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

involve large muscles used in locomotion, like balancing on one foot, walk up stairs

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14
Q

what is crucial to positive life-long cognitive development

A

motor development

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15
Q

preschoolers should spend how many hours a week in large- muscles activity

A

25hours+

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16
Q

when does motor activity level decline

A

2 to 3 years of age, they are less restless can sit longer

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17
Q

when is there a increases in focused attention

A

2-4 years

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18
Q

what is Rough and tumble play

A

running, chasing, fleeing, wrestling, hitting, laughing

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19
Q

does rough and tumble play helps develop physical and social skills?

A

yes

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20
Q

more active parents have ________ children

A

active (because they are role models, share activites)

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21
Q

does fine motor skills develop more slowly or faster then gross motor skills?

A

slower

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22
Q

fine motor skills involve

A

small muscles used in manipulation and coordination

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23
Q

what age can children learn to scribble

A

age 2

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24
Q

Major illnesses

A

rubella, measles, tetanus, mumps, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio

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25
number one cause of death of pre-school-aged children is?
cancer
26
how much sleep do toddlers need
12-14 hours
27
sleep terrors
more severe than nightmares. occur during deep sleep, can wake suddenly with a surge in heart and respiration rates, talk incoherently; trashing out and then fall back to sleep.
28
what does sleep terrors cause
insomnia and a fear of going to sleep
29
sleepwalking
occurs during deep sleep
30
when are children toilet trained
2-3 years
31
enuresis
failure to control the bladder
32
Bed-wetting
nighttime "accident"
33
Encopresis
lack of control over the bowels
34
what does encopresis stem from
physical causes such as chronic constipation
35
Jean Piaget's Preoperational stage
from ages 2-7 -uses symbols to represent objects -drawings are symbols -pretend play
36
what requires cognitive sophistication
symbolic or pretend play
37
what % of pre-schoolers have imaginary friends?
65%
38
what is shown with children with imaginary friends
less aggressive, more cooperative, and creative than children without imaginary friends, more advanced in language development
39
three mountains test - (Piaget's )
to learn whether children at certain ages are egocentric
40
precausal
the children's reasons are likely to be based egocentrically and not on science
41
Transductive reasoning
children reason by going from one specific isolated event to another
42
Animism
children attribute life and intentions to inanimate objects
43
Artificialism
children assume environmental factors such as rain and thunder have been designed and made by people
44
conservation
law that holds that properties of substances such as volumes
45
class inclusion
including new objects or categories into broader classes so we can associate into our brains
46
Scaffolding
temporary support provided by a parent or teacher to learning children
47
Zone of Proximal development
Gap between what children are capable of doing now and what they could do with help from others
48
Theory of mind
knowing the differenced between actual and mental events and between how things appear and how they really are
49
can gain knowledge by looking at what age
3 year old's
50
what age can have the ability to identify sources of their knowledge
4-5
51
The Appearance-Reality Distinction
children have to learn the difference between real events versus mental ones. like 7 to 8 years of age they develop this.
52
when can children remember events from 1.5 years ago
age 4
53
Autobiographical memory
memory of specific events is facilitated by children
54
factors that impact memory
interest level, cues/ reminders on memorys, pictures
55
Rehearsal
memory strategy using repetition; begins at 5 years of age
56
how many words do preschoolers learn per day
9 words
57
fats-mapping
process where a child quickly attaches a new word to it appropriate concept
58
pragmatics
practical application of language they demonstart this when tehy adjust sppech to fit
59
Vygotsky
vocalizations and thoughts are separate during the first year, and second year they combine and children understand labels
60
inner speech
spoken aloud thoughts are internalized by age 6-7; linked to planning and self-regulation