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ch 7: sex determination and sex chromosomes Flashcards

(23 cards)

1
Q

heteromorphic chromosomes

A

XY

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2
Q

mosaics

A

somatic cells show two different genetics lines

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3
Q

primary sexual differentiation

A

only gonads where gametes produced

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4
Q

secondary sexual differentiation

A

overall phenotype of organism, clear differences in organs like mammary glands and external genitalia

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5
Q

Pseudoautosomal regions (PARs)

A

share homology with regions on X chromosome-meiosis

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6
Q

Male-specific region of the Y (MSY)

A

non recombining region of Y, still some homology with X

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7
Q

Sex-determining region Y (SRY)

A

critical gene controlling male development (includes TDF)

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8
Q

Testis-determining factor (TDF)

A

transcription factor

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9
Q

heterochromatic

A

regions lacking genes

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10
Q

Paternal Age Effects (PAE)

A

paternal age associated with increased risk of congenital disorders with genetic basis

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11
Q

primary sex ratio

A

proportion of males to females conceived in population

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12
Q

secondary sex ratio

A

proportion of each sex that is born
-easier to measure, but doesn’t account for the disproportionate embryonic or fetal mortality

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13
Q

dosage compensation

A

always 2 of all chromosomes, except sex chromosomes, males hemizygous

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14
Q

barr body

A

-number of inactive X chromosomes
highly condensed structure lies against nuclear envelope of interphase cells and stains positively using DNA dyes

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15
Q

number of Barr bodies

A

=N-1
(N being the total number of X chromosomes present)

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16
Q

lyon hypothesis

A

inactivation of X chromosome occurs randomly in somatic cells early in embryonic development
-once inactivation occurs, all descendant cells have same X chromosome inactivated

17
Q

imprinting

A
  • gene from one parent is expressed while the other parents is silenced
  • EX: brown and blue eyed parents with brown eyes child
18
Q

X-inactivation center (Xic)

A

major control region on X chromosome, genetic expression occurs only on the chromosome which is inactivated

19
Q

XIST

A

-part of Xic that is a long noncoding RNA
-recruits a protein complex that silences transcription at epigenetic level by spreading over and coating X chromosome to be inactivated

20
Q

hermaphrodite

A

contains testes and ovaries
-can self-fertilize
-ratio of X to autosome still determines sex

21
Q

temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD)

A

sex determined by incubation temperature of eggs during stage of embryonic development

22
Q

extrachromosomal inheritance

A

influenced by the parent contributing the most cytoplasm to the embryo
-dont follow typical mendelian patterns