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231 (March 22) > Ch 7 Textbook > Flashcards

Ch 7 Textbook Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Consists of the heart and blood vessels, circulating blood throughout the body.

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2
Q

Controllable risk factors

A

Factors like diet and exercise that can be modified to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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3
Q

Uncontrollable risk factors

A

Factors like age that cannot be changed but influence the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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4
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

Various heart and blood vessel diseases affecting millions, leading to life-threatening conditions like heart attacks and strokes.

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood circulation between the heart and lungs, governed by the right side of the heart.

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6
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Blood circulation between the heart and the rest of the body, governed by the left side of the heart.

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7
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart responsible for pumping blood to the lungs and the body.

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8
Q

Atrium

A

Upper chambers of the heart where blood collects before passing to the ventricles.

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9
Q

Aorta

A

Large artery distributing oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

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10
Q

Systole

A

Heart’s contraction phase during which blood is pumped out of the heart.

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11
Q

Diastole

A

Heart’s relaxation phase when the heart refills with blood.

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12
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force exerted by blood on vessel walls, higher during systole than diastole.

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13
Q

Veins

A

Vessels carrying blood to the heart.

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14
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny vessels facilitating the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and tissues.

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16
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Large vessels branching from the aorta supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

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17
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments in the blood necessary for blood clot formation.

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18
Q

Hypertension

A

Sustained abnormally high blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

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19
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

CVD where artery walls thicken due to plaque deposits, reducing blood supply.

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20
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Force of blood on vessel walls, measured in mm Hg, with systolic and diastolic components.

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21
Q

Nicotine

A

Substance in cigarettes raising blood pressure and heart rate.

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22
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

Toxic gas in cigarette smoke displacing oxygen in the blood.

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23
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

High blood pressure with unknown cause, often due to genetic and environmental factors.

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24
Q

Prehypertension

A

Blood pressure slightly elevated, precursor to hypertension.

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25
Sphygmomanometer
Instrument used to measure blood pressure, consisting of a stethoscope and pressure gauge.
26
Plaque Deposits
Build-up on artery walls causing atherosclerosis and reducing blood flow.
27
HDL
High-density lipoproteins, 'good' cholesterol.
28
LDL
Low-density lipoproteins, 'bad' cholesterol.
29
Blood Clots
Coagulated masses in the bloodstream, potentially blocking blood flow.
30
Smooth Muscle Constriction
Tightening of muscle around arteries, increasing blood pressure.
31
Heart Attack
Condition where blood flow to the heart is blocked, leading to tissue damage.
32
Stroke
Sudden loss of blood supply to the brain, causing brain damage.
33
Vena Cava
Large veins carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart.
34
Diabetes
Metabolic disorder affecting blood sugar levels, a risk factor for CVD.
35
Cardiovascular Disease
Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including heart attacks and strokes.
36
Coronary Heart Disease
Narrowing of coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart.
37
Blood Circulation
Movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels, delivering oxygen and nutrients.
38
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Secondhand smoke increasing heart disease risk, affecting non-smokers.
39
Blood Supply
Delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues via arteries and capillaries.
40
Healthy Weight
Maintaining a body mass index (BMI) within a healthy range to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
41
Regular Exercise
Physical activity done consistently to improve cardiovascular health and overall well-being.
42
Healthy Diet
Consuming a balanced selection of nutrients to support optimal body function and reduce the risk of diseases.
43
Sodium Restriction
Limiting the intake of salt to maintain healthy blood pressure levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular issues.
44
Second-hand Smoke
Inhaling smoke from others' cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, which can be harmful to cardiovascular health.
45
Moderate Alcohol Consumption
Drinking alcohol in limited amounts to avoid negative impacts on heart health.
46
Potassium Intake
Consuming sufficient amounts of potassium through food sources to support heart function and overall health.
47
Fibre Intake
Consuming an adequate amount of dietary fiber to promote digestive health and reduce the risk of heart diseases.
48
Blood Pressure Reduction
Lowering the force of blood against artery walls to decrease the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
49
Antihypertensive Drugs
Medications prescribed to lower high blood pressure and manage cardiovascular health.
50
Cholesterol
A fatty substance crucial for body functions but can lead to heart issues if levels are excessive.
51
Lipoproteins
Protein-lipid complexes in the blood transporting fats and cholesterol, categorized by size and composition.
52
LDL Cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein carrying cholesterol to cells; high levels can lead to artery blockages and heart diseases.
53
HDL Cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein removing excess cholesterol from cells, reducing the risk of heart diseases.
54
Cholesterol Screening
Testing to assess cholesterol levels, crucial for evaluating cardiovascular health and disease risk.
55
CVD Risk Factors
Elements like smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes that increase the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases.
56
Cholesterol Guidelines
Recommended levels of LDL-C for different risk categories to determine the need for cholesterol-lowering treatments.
57
Triglycerides Guidelines
Recommended triglyceride levels for assessing cardiovascular risk and the need for specific treatments.
58
Physical Activity Benefits
Engaging in exercise to reduce the risk of heart diseases, strokes, and improve overall health.
59
Obesity Risks
Increased body weight leading to higher chances of cardiovascular diseases and mortality, especially with a BMI over 30.
60
CVD
Cardiovascular disease; risk increases with weight gain.
61
Obesity
BMI > 30; increases CVD death risk by 2-3x.
62
BMI
Body Mass Index; predicts CVD mortality.
63
Endothelial cells
Artery-lining cells regulating blood flow and preventing clotting.
64
Hypertrophy
Organ enlargement due to increased cell size.
65
Physical Inactivity
Lack of exercise; linked to hypertension and heart disease.
66
Insulin Resistance
Reduced cell sensitivity to insulin, leading to high blood glucose.
67
Triglyceride
Blood fat predictor of heart disease; affected by diet and body weight.
68
Metabolic Syndrome
Cluster of abnormalities including abdominal obesity and high triglycerides.
69
Blood Glucose Monitoring
Important for managing diabetes and associated risks.
70
Ventricular Hypertrophy
Enlargement of heart chambers due to increased pressure.
71
Prediabetes
Elevated blood glucose levels indicating diabetes risk.
72
Lipid Profile
Testing for cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
73
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Fitness level affecting cardiovascular health.
74
Cholesterol-Lowering Foods
Foods reducing LDL levels; best when eaten together.
75
Congestive Heart Failure
Heart's inability to pump effectively; linked to obesity and hypertension.
76
Atherogenesis
Formation of plaque in arteries leading to CVD.
77
Hyperinsulinemia
Excess insulin secretion due to insulin resistance.
78
Hyperglycemia
High blood glucose levels; precursor to type 2 diabetes.
79
Moderate Weight Reduction
5-10% reduction in body weight to lower CVD risk.
80
Triglyceride-Lowering Therapy
Treatment for high triglyceride levels; includes lifestyle changes and medication.
81
Metabolic Syndrome Characteristics
Includes abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides.

231 (March 22) (20 decks)

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