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231 (March 22) > Ch 7 Textbook > Flashcards

Ch 7 Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Consists of the heart and blood vessels, circulating blood throughout the body.

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2
Q

Controllable risk factors

A

Factors like diet and exercise that can be modified to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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3
Q

Uncontrollable risk factors

A

Factors like age that cannot be changed but influence the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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4
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

Various heart and blood vessel diseases affecting millions, leading to life-threatening conditions like heart attacks and strokes.

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood circulation between the heart and lungs, governed by the right side of the heart.

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6
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Blood circulation between the heart and the rest of the body, governed by the left side of the heart.

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7
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart responsible for pumping blood to the lungs and the body.

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8
Q

Atrium

A

Upper chambers of the heart where blood collects before passing to the ventricles.

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9
Q

Aorta

A

Large artery distributing oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

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10
Q

Systole

A

Heart’s contraction phase during which blood is pumped out of the heart.

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11
Q

Diastole

A

Heart’s relaxation phase when the heart refills with blood.

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12
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force exerted by blood on vessel walls, higher during systole than diastole.

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13
Q

Veins

A

Vessels carrying blood to the heart.

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14
Q

Arteries

A

Vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny vessels facilitating the exchange of oxygen and nutrients between blood and tissues.

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16
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Large vessels branching from the aorta supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

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17
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments in the blood necessary for blood clot formation.

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18
Q

Hypertension

A

Sustained abnormally high blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.

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19
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

CVD where artery walls thicken due to plaque deposits, reducing blood supply.

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20
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Force of blood on vessel walls, measured in mm Hg, with systolic and diastolic components.

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21
Q

Nicotine

A

Substance in cigarettes raising blood pressure and heart rate.

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22
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

Toxic gas in cigarette smoke displacing oxygen in the blood.

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23
Q

Primary Hypertension

A

High blood pressure with unknown cause, often due to genetic and environmental factors.

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24
Q

Prehypertension

A

Blood pressure slightly elevated, precursor to hypertension.

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25
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Instrument used to measure blood pressure, consisting of a stethoscope and pressure gauge.

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26
Q

Plaque Deposits

A

Build-up on artery walls causing atherosclerosis and reducing blood flow.

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27
Q

HDL

A

High-density lipoproteins, ‘good’ cholesterol.

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28
Q

LDL

A

Low-density lipoproteins, ‘bad’ cholesterol.

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29
Q

Blood Clots

A

Coagulated masses in the bloodstream, potentially blocking blood flow.

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30
Q

Smooth Muscle Constriction

A

Tightening of muscle around arteries, increasing blood pressure.

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31
Q

Heart Attack

A

Condition where blood flow to the heart is blocked, leading to tissue damage.

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32
Q

Stroke

A

Sudden loss of blood supply to the brain, causing brain damage.

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33
Q

Vena Cava

A

Large veins carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart.

34
Q

Diabetes

A

Metabolic disorder affecting blood sugar levels, a risk factor for CVD.

35
Q

Cardiovascular Disease

A

Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, including heart attacks and strokes.

36
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Narrowing of coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart.

37
Q

Blood Circulation

A

Movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

38
Q

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

A

Secondhand smoke increasing heart disease risk, affecting non-smokers.

39
Q

Blood Supply

A

Delivery of oxygenated blood to tissues via arteries and capillaries.

40
Q

Healthy Weight

A

Maintaining a body mass index (BMI) within a healthy range to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

41
Q

Regular Exercise

A

Physical activity done consistently to improve cardiovascular health and overall well-being.

42
Q

Healthy Diet

A

Consuming a balanced selection of nutrients to support optimal body function and reduce the risk of diseases.

43
Q

Sodium Restriction

A

Limiting the intake of salt to maintain healthy blood pressure levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular issues.

44
Q

Second-hand Smoke

A

Inhaling smoke from others’ cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, which can be harmful to cardiovascular health.

45
Q

Moderate Alcohol Consumption

A

Drinking alcohol in limited amounts to avoid negative impacts on heart health.

46
Q

Potassium Intake

A

Consuming sufficient amounts of potassium through food sources to support heart function and overall health.

47
Q

Fibre Intake

A

Consuming an adequate amount of dietary fiber to promote digestive health and reduce the risk of heart diseases.

48
Q

Blood Pressure Reduction

A

Lowering the force of blood against artery walls to decrease the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

49
Q

Antihypertensive Drugs

A

Medications prescribed to lower high blood pressure and manage cardiovascular health.

50
Q

Cholesterol

A

A fatty substance crucial for body functions but can lead to heart issues if levels are excessive.

51
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Protein-lipid complexes in the blood transporting fats and cholesterol, categorized by size and composition.

52
Q

LDL Cholesterol

A

Low-density lipoprotein carrying cholesterol to cells; high levels can lead to artery blockages and heart diseases.

53
Q

HDL Cholesterol

A

High-density lipoprotein removing excess cholesterol from cells, reducing the risk of heart diseases.

54
Q

Cholesterol Screening

A

Testing to assess cholesterol levels, crucial for evaluating cardiovascular health and disease risk.

55
Q

CVD Risk Factors

A

Elements like smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes that increase the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases.

56
Q

Cholesterol Guidelines

A

Recommended levels of LDL-C for different risk categories to determine the need for cholesterol-lowering treatments.

57
Q

Triglycerides Guidelines

A

Recommended triglyceride levels for assessing cardiovascular risk and the need for specific treatments.

58
Q

Physical Activity Benefits

A

Engaging in exercise to reduce the risk of heart diseases, strokes, and improve overall health.

59
Q

Obesity Risks

A

Increased body weight leading to higher chances of cardiovascular diseases and mortality, especially with a BMI over 30.

60
Q

CVD

A

Cardiovascular disease; risk increases with weight gain.

61
Q

Obesity

A

BMI > 30; increases CVD death risk by 2-3x.

62
Q

BMI

A

Body Mass Index; predicts CVD mortality.

63
Q

Endothelial cells

A

Artery-lining cells regulating blood flow and preventing clotting.

64
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Organ enlargement due to increased cell size.

65
Q

Physical Inactivity

A

Lack of exercise; linked to hypertension and heart disease.

66
Q

Insulin Resistance

A

Reduced cell sensitivity to insulin, leading to high blood glucose.

67
Q

Triglyceride

A

Blood fat predictor of heart disease; affected by diet and body weight.

68
Q

Metabolic Syndrome

A

Cluster of abnormalities including abdominal obesity and high triglycerides.

69
Q

Blood Glucose Monitoring

A

Important for managing diabetes and associated risks.

70
Q

Ventricular Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of heart chambers due to increased pressure.

71
Q

Prediabetes

A

Elevated blood glucose levels indicating diabetes risk.

72
Q

Lipid Profile

A

Testing for cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

73
Q

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

A

Fitness level affecting cardiovascular health.

74
Q

Cholesterol-Lowering Foods

A

Foods reducing LDL levels; best when eaten together.

75
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Heart’s inability to pump effectively; linked to obesity and hypertension.

76
Q

Atherogenesis

A

Formation of plaque in arteries leading to CVD.

77
Q

Hyperinsulinemia

A

Excess insulin secretion due to insulin resistance.

78
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose levels; precursor to type 2 diabetes.

79
Q

Moderate Weight Reduction

A

5-10% reduction in body weight to lower CVD risk.

80
Q

Triglyceride-Lowering Therapy

A

Treatment for high triglyceride levels; includes lifestyle changes and medication.

81
Q

Metabolic Syndrome Characteristics

A

Includes abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides.

231 (March 22) (20 decks)

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