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231 (March 22) > Ch. 8 - Textbook > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

cancer

A

Abnormal, uncontrolled cellular multiplication.

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2
Q

benign tumour

A

A mass of
tissue that is not
cancerous.

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3
Q

tumour

A

A mass of tissue
that serves no
physiological
purpose; also
called a neoplasm.

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4
Q

malignant tumour

A

A mass of tissue
that is cancerous
and capable of
spreading.

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5
Q

metastasis

A

The spread of
cancer cells from
one part of the
body to another.

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6
Q

lymphatic system

A

A network of vessels returning proteins and other substances from tissues to the circulatory system.

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7
Q

hyperplasia

A

condition when the altered cell and its
descendants look normal but
continue to reproduce too much

a precursor to cancer development.

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8
Q

Tumour development begins

A

when a cell (light orange) is
altered so that it grows and
divides when it normally would not.

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9
Q

dysplasia

A

when after additional mutations, the
descendants of the altered cells
may be abnormal in shape (purple),

Dysplasia may or may not develop into
cancer.

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10
Q

localized invasive cancer

A

Abnormal cells may gain the
ability to invade nearby tissues,
causing localized invasive cancer.

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11
Q

In situ cancer

A

Abnormal cells found only in the location they first formed.

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12
Q

Phytochemicals

A

Naturally occurring substances in fruits and vegetables with potential anti-cancer effects.

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13
Q

Remission

A

Period during cancer treatment with no symptoms or evidence of disease.

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14
Q

Sarcomas

A

Cancers originating from bone, cartilage, or muscle tissues.

Sarcomas arise from connective tissues

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15
Q

Lymphomas

A

Cancers originating in lymph nodes, part of the body’s infection-fighting system.

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16
Q

Leukemias

A

Cancers of the blood-forming cells, primarily found in the bone marrow.

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17
Q

Epithelia

A

Tissue covering external body surfaces, lining internal tubes, and forming gland secretions.

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18
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Soft vascular tissue in bones producing blood cells.

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19
Q

Oncologist

A

Medical specialist in the study of tumours.

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20
Q

Hematologist

A

Medical specialist in the study of blood disorders, including cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.

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21
Q

Carcinomas

A

Cancers originating in epithelial tissues like skin, glands, and internal organ linings.

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22
Q

Malignant Tumours

A

Tumours classified by the types of cells that give rise to them.

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23
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.

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24
Q

Five-Year Survival Rate

A

Percentage of people alive five years after cancer diagnosis; a measure of cancer prognosis.

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25
Q

Incidence of Cancer

A

Frequency of new cancer cases within a specific population over a defined period.

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26
Q

Rogue Cells

A

Abnormal cancer cells with unpredictable behavior due to uncontrolled multiplication.

27
Q

Carcinogens

A

Substances capable of causing cancer by altering cellular DNA or promoting abnormal cell growth.

28
Q

Biological Vulnerability

A

Increased susceptibility to cancer due to genetic or physiological factors.

29
Q

Gender Disparity in Cancer Deaths

A

Males have higher death rates due to tobacco, alcohol, and occupational exposure.

30
Q

Tobacco Use Impact

A

Significantly linked to higher rates of oral, bladder, and lung cancers.

31
Q

Alcohol Abuse Risk

A

More common in men, increasing the risk of oral and liver cancers.

32
Q

Occupational Carcinogen Exposure

A

Men face higher exposure to chemicals and radiation, raising bladder, lung, and skin cancer risks.

33
Q

Cancer Death Trends

A

Cancer death rates decreased by 29% since 1988, slower decline than heart disease due to smoking effects.

34
Q

Sunscreen Importance

A

Critical for reducing skin cancer risks, estimated to prevent 78% of cases.

35
Q

Lung Cancer Prevalence

A

Accounts for 13% of new cancer cases, leading cause of cancer death in Canada.

36
Q

Lung Cancer Risk Factors

A

Tobacco smoke contributes to 30% of cancer deaths and over 85% of lung cancer deaths.

37
Q

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

A

Increases non-smokers’ lung cancer risk by 20-30% even with brief exposure.

38
Q

Lung Cancer Detection Challenges

A

Difficult to detect early, symptoms appear in advanced stages like persistent cough or chest pain.

39
Q

Spiral CT Scans

A

Detect lung cancer earlier than X-rays, aiding in early diagnosis and treatment planning.

40
Q

Chemotherapy Definition

A

Treatment using chemicals to selectively destroy cancerous cells.

41
Q

Fibre-optic Bronchoscopy

A

Visualizes lung tumours by inserting a flexible lighted tube into the windpipe.

42
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Higher incidence in remote communities and lower-income individuals due to smoking habits.

43
Q

Curative Surgery

A

Surgical procedure aimed at curing a disease or condition.

44
Q

Phototherapy

A

Treatment using light to heal or alleviate symptoms.

45
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Treatment involving the alteration of genes to prevent or treat diseases.

46
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Treatment using the immune system to fight diseases like cancer.

47
Q

Small-Cell Lung Cancer

A

A type of lung cancer treated with chemotherapy, often leading to remission.

48
Q

Colon Cancer

A

Cancer affecting the colon, treatable if detected early through screening.

49
Q

Rectal Cancer

A

Cancer affecting the rectum, treatable if identified early and removed.

50
Q

Polyps

A

Small tissue growths in the colon or rectum that can develop into cancer.

51
Q

Colonoscopy

A

Procedure using a colonoscope to examine the colon for abnormalities.

52
Q

Fecal Test

A

Screening test checking for blood in the stool, indicating potential colon issues.

53
Q

Sigmoidoscopy

A

Procedure using a flexible device to examine the lower part of the colon for polyps.

54
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Most common cancer in women, with various risk factors including genetic components.

55
Q

Mammogram

A

Low-dose X-ray of the breasts used for early detection of breast cancer.

56
Q

MRI

A

Imaging technique that may be more effective than mammography for detecting breast abnormalities.

57
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Process of new blood vessel growth, inhibited in cancer treatment to prevent tumor growth.

58
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

Therapeutic agents used in cancer treatment to target specific cells.

59
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HT)

A

Treatment supplementing the body with hormones, linked to breast cancer risk.

60
Q

Estrogen

A

Primary female sex hormone influencing the development and functioning of the female reproductive system.

61
Q

Inflammation

A

Body’s response to injury or infection, linked to an increased risk of certain cancers.

62
Q

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

A

Medications like Aspirin and ibuprofen that reduce inflammation and may lower cancer risk.

63
Q
A

231 (March 22) (20 decks)

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