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231 (March 22) > Ch. 8 - Textbook > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

cancer

A

Abnormal, uncontrolled cellular multiplication.

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2
Q

benign tumour

A

A mass of
tissue that is not
cancerous.

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3
Q

tumour

A

A mass of tissue
that serves no
physiological
purpose; also
called a neoplasm.

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4
Q

malignant tumour

A

A mass of tissue
that is cancerous
and capable of
spreading.

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5
Q

metastasis

A

The spread of
cancer cells from
one part of the
body to another.

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6
Q

lymphatic system

A

A network of vessels returning proteins and other substances from tissues to the circulatory system.

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7
Q

hyperplasia

A

condition when the altered cell and its
descendants look normal but
continue to reproduce too much

a precursor to cancer development.

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8
Q

Tumour development begins

A

when a cell (light orange) is
altered so that it grows and
divides when it normally would not.

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9
Q

dysplasia

A

when after additional mutations, the
descendants of the altered cells
may be abnormal in shape (purple),

Dysplasia may or may not develop into
cancer.

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10
Q

localized invasive cancer

A

Abnormal cells may gain the
ability to invade nearby tissues,
causing localized invasive cancer.

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11
Q

In situ cancer

A

Abnormal cells found only in the location they first formed.

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12
Q

Phytochemicals

A

Naturally occurring substances in fruits and vegetables with potential anti-cancer effects.

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13
Q

Remission

A

Period during cancer treatment with no symptoms or evidence of disease.

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14
Q

Sarcomas

A

Cancers originating from bone, cartilage, or muscle tissues.

Sarcomas arise from connective tissues

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15
Q

Lymphomas

A

Cancers originating in lymph nodes, part of the body’s infection-fighting system.

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16
Q

Leukemias

A

Cancers of the blood-forming cells, primarily found in the bone marrow.

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17
Q

Epithelia

A

Tissue covering external body surfaces, lining internal tubes, and forming gland secretions.

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18
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Soft vascular tissue in bones producing blood cells.

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19
Q

Oncologist

A

Medical specialist in the study of tumours.

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20
Q

Hematologist

A

Medical specialist in the study of blood disorders, including cancers like leukemia and lymphoma.

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21
Q

Carcinomas

A

Cancers originating in epithelial tissues like skin, glands, and internal organ linings.

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22
Q

Malignant Tumours

A

Tumours classified by the types of cells that give rise to them.

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23
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Part of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord.

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24
Q

Five-Year Survival Rate

A

Percentage of people alive five years after cancer diagnosis; a measure of cancer prognosis.

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25
Incidence of Cancer
Frequency of new cancer cases within a specific population over a defined period.
26
Rogue Cells
Abnormal cancer cells with unpredictable behavior due to uncontrolled multiplication.
27
Carcinogens
Substances capable of causing cancer by altering cellular DNA or promoting abnormal cell growth.
28
Biological Vulnerability
Increased susceptibility to cancer due to genetic or physiological factors.
29
Gender Disparity in Cancer Deaths
Males have higher death rates due to tobacco, alcohol, and occupational exposure.
30
Tobacco Use Impact
Significantly linked to higher rates of oral, bladder, and lung cancers.
31
Alcohol Abuse Risk
More common in men, increasing the risk of oral and liver cancers.
32
Occupational Carcinogen Exposure
Men face higher exposure to chemicals and radiation, raising bladder, lung, and skin cancer risks.
33
Cancer Death Trends
Cancer death rates decreased by 29% since 1988, slower decline than heart disease due to smoking effects.
34
Sunscreen Importance
Critical for reducing skin cancer risks, estimated to prevent 78% of cases.
35
Lung Cancer Prevalence
Accounts for 13% of new cancer cases, leading cause of cancer death in Canada.
36
Lung Cancer Risk Factors
Tobacco smoke contributes to 30% of cancer deaths and over 85% of lung cancer deaths.
37
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
Increases non-smokers' lung cancer risk by 20-30% even with brief exposure.
38
Lung Cancer Detection Challenges
Difficult to detect early, symptoms appear in advanced stages like persistent cough or chest pain.
39
Spiral CT Scans
Detect lung cancer earlier than X-rays, aiding in early diagnosis and treatment planning.
40
Chemotherapy Definition
Treatment using chemicals to selectively destroy cancerous cells.
41
Fibre-optic Bronchoscopy
Visualizes lung tumours by inserting a flexible lighted tube into the windpipe.
42
Lung Cancer
Higher incidence in remote communities and lower-income individuals due to smoking habits.
43
Curative Surgery
Surgical procedure aimed at curing a disease or condition.
44
Phototherapy
Treatment using light to heal or alleviate symptoms.
45
Gene Therapy
Treatment involving the alteration of genes to prevent or treat diseases.
46
Immunotherapy
Treatment using the immune system to fight diseases like cancer.
47
Small-Cell Lung Cancer
A type of lung cancer treated with chemotherapy, often leading to remission.
48
Colon Cancer
Cancer affecting the colon, treatable if detected early through screening.
49
Rectal Cancer
Cancer affecting the rectum, treatable if identified early and removed.
50
Polyps
Small tissue growths in the colon or rectum that can develop into cancer.
51
Colonoscopy
Procedure using a colonoscope to examine the colon for abnormalities.
52
Fecal Test
Screening test checking for blood in the stool, indicating potential colon issues.
53
Sigmoidoscopy
Procedure using a flexible device to examine the lower part of the colon for polyps.
54
Breast Cancer
Most common cancer in women, with various risk factors including genetic components.
55
Mammogram
Low-dose X-ray of the breasts used for early detection of breast cancer.
56
MRI
Imaging technique that may be more effective than mammography for detecting breast abnormalities.
57
Angiogenesis
Process of new blood vessel growth, inhibited in cancer treatment to prevent tumor growth.
58
Monoclonal Antibodies
Therapeutic agents used in cancer treatment to target specific cells.
59
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HT)
Treatment supplementing the body with hormones, linked to breast cancer risk.
60
Estrogen
Primary female sex hormone influencing the development and functioning of the female reproductive system.
61
Inflammation
Body's response to injury or infection, linked to an increased risk of certain cancers.
62
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Medications like Aspirin and ibuprofen that reduce inflammation and may lower cancer risk.
63

231 (March 22) (20 decks)

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