Ch. 7: The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

pulmonary circulation is maintained by what pump

Answer 1

first pump; right side

Question 2

systemic circulation is maintained by what pump

Answer 2

second pump; left side

Question 3

valve between RA and RV

Answer 3

tricuspid valve
ARTERIOVENTRICULAR
LAB RAT

Question 4

valve between LA and RA

Answer 4

bicuspid valve/mitral valve
ARTERIOVENTRICULAR
LAB RAT

Question 5

valve between RV and pulmonary

Answer 5

pulmonary valve

SEMILUNAR (three leaftlets)

Question 6

valve between LV and aorta

Answer 6

aortic valve

SEMILUNAR (three leaflets)

Question 7

flow of electrical impulse in the heart

Answer 7

SA node –> AV node –> bundle of His –> Purkinje fibers

Question 8

location and function of SA node

Answer 8

• wall of the R atrium
• impulse initiation
• causes two atria to contract

Question 9

atrial kick

Answer 9

additional volume of blood forced into the ventricles by atrial contraction

Question 10

location and function of the AV node

Answer 10

• junction of atrium and ventricles

- delayed to allow ventricles to fill completely, then contracts ventricles

Question 11

location of the bundle of His

Answer 11

-interventricular septum

Question 12

location of the Purkinje fiber

Answer 12

• apex

- distribute electrical signal through the ventricular muscle

Question 13

intercalated discs

Answer 13

comprised of many gap junctions which connect cardiac muscle cells directly through the cytoplasm

Question 14

what branch of the nervous system controls the cardiovascular system

Answer 14

peripheral –> AUTONOMIC –> sympathetic (faster) and parasympathetic (slower)

Question 15

what occurs during systole

Answer 15

ventricles contract + AV valves close –> blood pumped out of ventricles

Question 16

what occurs during diastole

Answer 16

ventricles relax + semilunar valves close –> blood from atrium fill ventricles

Question 17

cardiac output

Answer 17

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

Question 18

cardiac output equation

Answer 18

CO = HR X SV

where SV is volume of blood pumped per beat

Question 19

order of circulatory flow

Answer 19

arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venues –> veins

Question 20

what type of cells line the circulatory system

Answer 20

endothelial cells

Question 21

special functions of endothelial cells

Answer 21

• vasodilation/constriction
• immune response
• clotting

Question 22

hepatic portal system

Answer 22

gut capillary beds –> liver capillary beds

Question 23

hypophyseal portal system

Answer 23

hypothalamus capillary beds –> anterior pituitary capillary beds

Question 24

renal portal system

Answer 24

glomerulus –> nephron

Question 25

plasma

Answer 25

liquid part of blood

Question 26

hemoglobin

Answer 26

carries oxygen on RBCs 1 hgb carries 4 O2

Question 27

erythrocyte

Answer 27

RBCs oxygen transport

Question 28

how do red blood cells obtain ATP

Answer 28

through glycolysis

Question 29

leukocytes

Answer 29

WBCs immune response

Question 30

granular leukocytes

Answer 30

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils - contain compound that are toxic to invaders which they release via exocytosis

Question 31

lymphocyte

Answer 31

specific immune response, targeted and learnes

Question 32

agranulocytes

Answer 32

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 33

monocytes

Answer 33

phagocytize foreign matter

Question 34

when does a monocyte become a macrophage

Answer 34

one it leaves the blood and enters an organ

Question 35

thrombocytes

Answer 35

platetes clotting

Question 36

hematopoiesis

Answer 36

production of blood cells and platelets

Question 37

hormones that stimulate hematopiesis

Answer 37

erythropoietin and thrombopoietin

Question 38

antigens

Answer 38

- surface protein of RBCs | - specific large to which the immune system can react

Question 39

two antigen families for blood groups

Answer 39

ABO antigens | Rh factor

Question 40

three alleles for blood type

Answer 40

- IA (co-dominant) - IB (co-dominant) - i (recessive)

Question 41

blood phenotypes with genotypes

Answer 41

A -- IAIA or IAi B -- IBIB of IBi AB -- IAIB O -- ii

Question 42

what kind of inheritance is Rh positivity

Answer 42

autosomal dominant Rh+ ( ++ or +-) Rh- (--)

Question 43

why is blood pressure vital to CV system health

Answer 43

must be kept appropriately high to propel blood forward

Question 44

where does the largest drop in BP occur

Answer 44

across the arterioles

Question 45

how is blood pressure regulated

Answer 45

baroreceptors in the walls of the vasculature

Question 46

what causes a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

Answer 46

- increased PaCO2 - increased H+ - increased temperature

Question 47

Bohr Effect

Answer 47

decrease in hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen as the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right

Question 48

what causes a left shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

Answer 48

- decreased PaCO2 - increased H+ - decreased temperature

Question 49

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 49

force blood exerts against the vessel walls pushes fluid out of the bloodstream

Question 50

osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure

Answer 50

"sucking" pressure generated by high solute concentration in the bloodstream that draws water in.

Question 51

starling forces

Answer 51

balance of opposing forces (hydrostatic and osmotic)

Question 52

what is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade

Answer 52

prothrombin forms thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin, creating a net-like structure of the area of damage

Question 53

how are clots broken down

Answer 53

plasmin that generates plasminogen