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Kaplan Biology > Ch. 8: The Immune System > Flashcards

Ch. 8: The Immune System Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

innate immunity

A

immunity defenses that is are

  • always active
  • nonspecific to invaders

NONSPECIFIC immunity

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2
Q

adaptive immunity

A

immunity defenses that target specific pathogens with immunologic memory

SPECIFIC immunity

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3
Q

where are leukocytes produced

A

the one marrow

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4
Q

B-cells

A
  • produced in bone marrow
  • activated in spleen/lymph nodes
  • turn into plasma cells
  • produce antibodies
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5
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibodies in the blood rather than the cells

B-CELLS

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6
Q

T-cells

A
  • produced in the bone marrow

- mature in the thymus

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7
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

coordinate immune system and directly kill infected cells

T CELLS

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8
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • filter lymph
  • immune system responses can be mounted
  • *not glands**
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9
Q

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

A

immune tissue in close proximity to digestive system

  • tonsils
  • adenoids
  • Peyer’s patches (small intenstine)
  • aggregates in the appendix
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10
Q

what occurs during hematopoiesis

A

leukocytes are produced in the bone marrow

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11
Q

granulocytes

A

contain granules that are released via exocytosis as part of the immune response

  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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12
Q

agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

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13
Q

defensins

A

antibacterial enzymes found on skin

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14
Q

lysoszyme

A

enzyme secreted by mucus membranes around the eye and oral cavity

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15
Q

complement system

A

nonspecific immunity response that punches holes in bacterial cell walls

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16
Q

interferons

A

proteins produced in cells infected with viruses that prevent viral replication and dispersion

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17
Q

resident population

A

permanent rather than transient cell group in a tissue

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18
Q

functions of a macrophage

A
  • phagocytizes invader through endocytosis (envelope)
  • digests invader using enzymes
  • presents pieces of invader to other cells through MHC
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19
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex

protein that binds to an antigen and so it can be recognized by the adaptive immune system

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20
Q

cytokines

A

released by macrophages

stimulate inflammation and recruit immune cells

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21
Q

MHC - I

A

endogenous pathway: binds antigens that come from inside cells

all nucleated cells

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22
Q

MHC - II

A

exogenous pathway: binds antigens originate from outside cells

antigen-presenting cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, some epithelial cells

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23
Q

antigen

A

substance that can be targeted by an antibody

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24
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

lymphocytes that recognize down regulation of MHC and induce apoptosis on viral infected cells

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25
pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
recognize the category of invader for appropriate response toll-like receptors (TLR) are the best-described
26
function of neutrophils
phagocytes that target bacteria using chemotaxis detect chemicals bacteria give off and move up chemical gradient toward them
27
what does it mean to be opsonized
marked with an antibody from a B-cell
28
function of eosinophils
allergic reactions and parasites release histamine --> inflammation and vasodilation --> immune cells move out of blood stream and into tissues
29
basophils
mast cells release histamine --> inflammatory response
30
what produces antibodies/immunoglobulins
B-cells
31
what occurs after antibodies bind to antigens in free fluid
IN FLUIDS 1. opsonization (attract other leukocytes for phagocytosis) 2. aggluination (pathogens clump together to be phagocytized) 3. block pathogen from invading tissues
32
what occurs after antibodies bind to antigens on the cell surface
B-CELL - cell activates, proliferation and memory cells MAST CELL - degranulation
33
how many chains in antibodies
two heavy, two light held together with disulfide linkages
34
where is the antigen-binding region
the tip of the Y
35
clonal selection
mechanism for generating antibody specificity to antigen
36
isotype switching
process in which cells change which isotype of antibody they produce when stimulated by a specific cytokine
37
plasma cells
type of B-cell that produces a large amount of antibodies
38
memory b-cells
type of B-cell that stays in the lymph node and awaits reexposure to the same antigen
39
primary response
initial activation of antibodies to a new antigen. takes 7-10 days.
40
secondary response
rapid production of antibodies by memory cells when exposed to an antigen for the second time
41
positive selection
only allowing maturation of t-cells that can respond to the presentation of antigen on MHC failing positive selection = t-cell can't respond to antigens
42
negative selection
causing apoptosis in cells that are self-reactive failing negative selection = t-cell can respond to self-antigens
43
thymosin
hormone in the thymus that facilitates maturation of t-cells
44
Helper T-cells
CD4+ T-cells - coordinate immune response by secreting lymphokines - respond to MHC-II antigens
45
lymphokines
secreted by helper t-cells recruit other immune cells and increase their activity
46
Cytotoxic T-Cells
CD8+ T-cells - directly kill virally infected cells by injecting chemicals that promote apopotosis - respond to MHC-I antigens
47
Supressor T-Cells
Regulatory T-Cells similar to helper t-cells, but also tone down immune response after infection has been contained
48
self-tolerance
turning off of self-reactive lymphocytes by suppressor t-cells to prevent autoimmune disease
49
memory t-cells
wait until exposure to a known antigen
50
first step of defense in bacterial infection
macrophages attack
51
first step of defense in viral infection
interferons released
52
self antigens
proteins and carbohydrates on the surface of every cell that signal (under nl conditions) that cell is domestic and should not be attacked
53
autoimmunity
attack on selfantigens
54
allergy reactions
attack on harmless foreign antigens
55
active immunity
immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against specific pathogens, which are then stored in memory
56
passive immunity
transfer of antibodies to an individual ex: transfer of antibodies across placenta during pregnancy
57
in what direction do lymphatic vessels become larger
as they move toward the center of the body
58
what (most) do lymphatic vessels join
thoracic duct
59
thoracic duct
duct in posterior chest that delivers lymph to circulatory system
60
how do lymphatic vessels contribute to fluid drainage
vessels drain fluid that remains in tissues back (due to osmotic pressure < hydrostatic pressure at venous end of capillaries) into the circulatory system
61
what do lacteals transport
fats packaged by the intestines
62
germinal centers
collections of B-cells in the lymph nodes

Kaplan Biology (9 decks)

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