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Alya Cards Pathology Robbins basis > Ch 8 > Flashcards

Ch 8 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Non DNA containing organisms (class)

A

Prions

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2
Q

What is the difference btw gram pos vs neg in cell membrane?

A

Gram pos: one phospholipid layer (neg has 2)

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3
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria take?

A

Red

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4
Q

What is a general rule regarding gram stain and shape of bacteria

A

Most bacilli are gram negative
Most cocci and gram positive

Therefore gram negative cocci - Neisseria

Gram positive bacillus - Corny Mike’s List of Basic Cars

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5
Q

What are the gram positive rods/bacilli

A

Corney Mike’s list of basic cats

Corney bacterium
Mycobacteria
Listeria
Bacillus
Nocardia

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6
Q

Endotoxins are exclusively secreted by which gram bacteria

A

Gram negative

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7
Q

What test detects viral load?

A

Polymerase chain reaction PCR

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8
Q

Chlamydiae forms ____ (shape) in its infectious form

A

Elementary body

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9
Q

Best test to diagnose mycobacteria/Nocardia?

A

Acid-fast stain

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10
Q

Silver stain is used to diagnose 3

A

Fungi
Legionella
P. Jirovecii

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11
Q

Mucicarmine is used to DX 1

A

Cryptococcus

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12
Q

Giemsa stain is used to diagnose 3

A

Parasites: Campylobacter, leishmania, malaria

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13
Q

What is the most common opportunistic pathogen infecting CNS in AIDS patients?

A

Toxoplasmosis

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14
Q

Toxoplasma causes (side) chorioretinitis in newborn

A

Unilateral

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15
Q

Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis?

A

Serology mainly
BX of affected tissues may show tachyzoites

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16
Q

What is Chagas Disease?

A

Caused by Trypanosoma Cruzi. Mainly effects heart (sudden death/arrythmia)

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17
Q

How does T. Cruzi invade host?

A

Through skin or mucous membranes transmitted by triatomine bugs

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18
Q

What is the metabolically active form of C. Trachomatis?

A

Reticulate body

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19
Q

Syphilis is caused by (organism)

A

T Pallidum

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20
Q

What mechanism allows T Pallidum to persist against host defense’s?

A

Outer membrane has TprK allows recombination with TprK gene: antigenic diversity

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21
Q

What is the main immune response in Syphilis?

A

T cells CD4+, Th1

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22
Q

How does Syphillic chancre spread?

A

Lymphatics and/or hematogenous

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23
Q

What is primary syphillis?

A

3 weeks post infection
Development of raised lesion (chancre)

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24
Q

What is secondary syphilis?

A

Occurs 2-10 weeks after chancre
1.Development of painless superficial lesions to skin and mucosa (palms, soles)
2. Fever
3. Lymphadenopathy
4. Neurosyphilis

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25
Diagnosis of syphillis 2
Serology: cardiolipin- cholesterol-lecithin antigen (via Rapid Plasma Reagin, VDRL tests) Treponemal test: best for late/tertiary syphillis Treponemal and non treponemal: for secondary and primary
26
What is tertiary syphillis?
1. Cardiovascular (aortitis) 2. Neurosyphilis 3. Gummas in bone, skin, mucous membranes
27
What is benign tertiary syphillis?
Gummas forming in bone, skin, mucous membranes
28
What is congenital syphillis types? Sx
1. Infantile: first 2 yrs of life. Nasal discharge in first few months. 2. Tardive: desquamating bullous rash, hands and feet, mouth, hepatomegaly, skeletal.
29
Herpes blister
30
Skin
Secondary syphillis in dermis (endothelial proliferation, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate)
31
What is unique about schistosoma infecting through skin?
Can dissolve adhesive proteins which hold keratinocytes together. Infection through unbroken skin
32
What are the characteristics of skin that can defend against microbes 4
Physical barrier Fatty acids Low PH Defensins - small peptides toxic to bacteria
33
Which organism infects neutropenic patients?
Aspergillus sp
34
Which infection is opportunistic in AIDS?
P. Jirovecii
35
What immunoglobulin is secreted in stomach? Source?
IgA - Peyer's patches
36
Which Candida causes oral thrush?
Candida albicans
37
Which infections can impair lung ciliary activity? 2
Bortadella pertussis M. Pneumonia
38
Which infections can be transmitted through breast milk?
CMV HIV Hep B
39
How does influenza evade immune system?
Antigenic switching - has RNA segments that can recombinate
40
What does S. Pneumonia release to prevent phagocytosis?
Protein A - binds Fc portion of ab. Ab cannot bind to phagocyte receptors
41
How do some organisms resist cytokines/chemokines?
Release homologues IFN A/B/G to act as decoys; inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway or produce proteins that inhibit PKR (Protein kinase R)
42
What does IFN for viruses?
Inhibits viral replication
43
Which part of immune system does HIV infect?
CD4+ T cells
44
What is the mediator of 'T cell exhaustion'?
Programmed cell death protein (PD-1)
45
What does PD-1 do immunity?
Maintains self tolerance to antigens
46
What is the mechanism of onset of rheumatic heart disease?
Streptococcal M protein antibodies cross reacts with cardiac protein
47
What infection are Burns patients at risk of?
P. Aureginosa
48
How does botulism cause paralysis?
A-B toxin inhibits synaptic release in neurons (does NOT kill neurons)
49
How does gram negative endotoxin LPS cause damage?
LPS binds to CD14 (LPS/CD14 complex). Complex then binds to TLR4
50
Lipoteichoic acid from gram positive bacteria bind to?
TLR2
51
E. Histolica: type of necrosis, organs affected
Colon and liver abscesses Liquefactive necrosis
52
Which organism causes diarrhoea, and can invade liver (abscess)?
Entamoeba histolyca
53
What symptom does giardia cause?
Watery diarrhea
54
Symptoms of typhoid?
Splenomegaly (no hepatomegaly or abscesses)
55
What is the characteristic finding in scrapings of primary syphillis (Treponema)?
Obliterative endaritis with perivascular lymphocytes and plasma cells
56
Gummatous inflammation is seen in which types of syphillis?
Tertiary or congenital
57
Which common infection binds to ICAM-1?
Rhinovirus
58
What is cystecerosis?
Caused by taenia solium Eating raw pork Penetrate gut into brain - cysts
59
How does polio spread?
Fecal oral
60
How does polio cause paralysis?
Invades from mouth to anterior horn cells bulbar nuclei
61
What are the symptoms of Leishmania donovani? Places?
Middle East, Africa or South Asia, Latin America Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Hyperpigmentation of skin Pancytopenia
62
What does Leishmania invade (immune cells)?
Macrophages
63
Seen in HIV patient. DX?
CMV infection (Cytoplasmic inclusions)
64
Shigellosis vs Histolytica colonic ulcers?
Shigellosis in superficial (does not invade lamina propria)
65
Organism involved with colonic ulcers and development of Reiters in HLA 27 positive people?
Shigella flexneri
66
Presentation of C.Diphteria infection 3
Inflammatory membrane (tonsils, larynx) Myocarditis Neuropathy
67
What is Rocky mountain spotted fever?
Rickettsia Vasculitis type rashes (trunk, palms/soles), thrombosis, necrosis of skin From ticks
68
Organism associated with skin anaesthesia?
M. Leprae
69
Klebsiella is known for which complication?
Abscess formation
70
Bronchopneumonia and abscess formation is characteristic of which infection?
Actinomyces israeli
71
Falciparum: how does it invade?
Hepatocytes: cells rupture and merozoites invade RBC
72
What is the presentation of S.hematobium infection?
Affects bladder (calcifications, granulomas) Africa
73
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: cause of lung haziness on XR?
Mononuclear infiltrates (monocytes, histiocytes)
74
Mechanism of Clostridium tetany causing muscle spasms?
Cleavage of synaptobrevin in synaptic vesicles of neurons
75
Subcutaneous crepitus associated with open wounds is usually caused by
Clostridium perferingence (gas gangrene)
76
Organism?
Trypanosoma
77
Coin lesions in lung caused by bird shit is caused by
H capsulatum
78
Patient has diabetic ketoacidosis, develops facial pain and eye proptosis
Mucor sp
79
What is the presentation of rotavirus?
Toddler <6 months Diarrhea Villous atrophy: cannot absorb sodium/water
80
How does granuloma formation kill microbes?
Macrophages secrete nitric oxide
81
Fever and haemolytic anaemia. RBC looks like this. DX?
Babesia
82
What are the 3 types of chlamydia?
Primary Secondary Late
83
What does primary chlamydia symptoms?
Small painless ulcer that heals
84
What does secondary chlamydia present like?
Painful lymphadenopathy, rectal ulcers
85
What does chlamydia at late stage present like?
Anogenital strictures and fibrosis
86
Colon. DX?
Entamoeba histolyca 'flask shaped' ulcer
87
How does Rickettsia spread?
Vector borne
88
What makes older kids resistant to rotavirus?
IgA
89
What is the presentation of congenital syphillis?
Still birth, hydrops Saber shins, saddle nose, Hutchinson's teeth Diffuse rash Lungs pale Periosteitis, osteochondritis of femur/vertebrae
90
Which cranial nerve is affected in congenital syphillis?
CN VIII
91
How does Dengue haemorrhagic shock happen?
Previously infected person, gets reinfected
92
What are the seudomonas virulence factors? 4
Exotoxin A Exotoxin S Phospholipase C Fe compounds
93
Pseudomonas: what effect does exotoxin A have?
Inhibits protein synthesis
94
Pseudomonas: what effect does exotoxin S do?
Inhibits host cell growth
95
Pseudomonas: what effect does phospholipase C do?
Degrades pulmonary surfactant
96
Where does schistosoma lay in body? Effects on presentation?
Hepatic venules -->fibrosis-->portal HTN
97
Presentation of Nocardia?
Contact with soil Pneumonia-->brain, kidney, skin Immunocompromised host
98
What is an agglutination test?
Small particles (eg bacterial) are coupled with a reagent antibody/antigen. This is added to patient sample: agglutination will occur if target antibody/antigen/bacterial is present
99
Agglutination of 32. Meaning?
The most dilute sample giving agglutination is 1/32 of initial
100
What is complement fixation?
Diagnosis for fungal, viral infections (esp cocciodiomycosis) Incubate specimen with known amounts of complement and antigen - degree of fixation Measures IgM or IgG Labour intensive, controls
101
Which test is used for fungal or pyogenic meningitis?
Precipitation tets
102
What is PCR?
Test that creates polymers of DNA and replicates them
103
What polymerase is used in PCR?
TAQ polymerase
104
What are the steps in PCR?
1.Denaturation (high temp to separate DNA) 2.Annealing (cooling so primers can bind to DNA) 3.Extension (synthesis of new stands)
105
How to check that correct products are made through PCR?
Agarose gel electrophoresis
106
What is the key concept of flow cytometry?
Hydrodynamic focusing

Alya Cards Pathology Robbins basis (12 decks)

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