Ch3 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Inflammatory Rx: what antibody and immune cell involved in asthma?
A
IgE antibodies, eosinophils
2
Q
Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in glomerulonephritis?
A
Antibodies and complement; neutrophils and monocytes
3
Q
Inflammatory Rx: what molecules are involved in septic shock?
A
Cytokines
4
Q
Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in pulmonary fibrosis?
A
Macrophages, fibroblasts
5
Q
Inflammatory Rx: what cells involved in atherosclerosis?
A
Macrophages, lymphocytes
6
Q
Acute Inflammation:
1.Onset
2.Cellular infiltrate
3.Tissue injury
4.Local and systemic signs
A
- Minutes to hours
2.mainly neutrophils
3.mild and self limiting
4.prominent
7
Q
Chronic inflammation:
1.Onset
2.Cellular infiltrate
3.Tissue injury
4.Local and systemic signs
A
1.days
2.monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
3.severe and progressive
4.less
8
Q
Cellular receptors that detect microbes are called ___
A
Toll-like receptors
9
Q
Cellular receptors that sense molecules released from cell damage are ___
A
NOD-like receptors
10
Q
What is an exudate?
A
Extravascular fluid that has high protein content + cellular debris. Marker of an inflammatory process
11
Q
Pus is a type of (extravascular fluid type)
A
Exudate
12
Q
What is a transudate?
A
Low protein fluid (mostly albumin). Cases of high hydrostatic pressure
13
Q
Vasodilation: which chemical triggers this?
A
Histamine
14
Q
What are the chemicals that contract endothelial cells that lead to vascular leakage? 3
A
Histamine
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes
15
Q
____ is a classic example of late vascular leakage
A
Sunburn
16
Q
What are the phases of which leukocytes migrate to site of inflammation?
A
- Lumen: margination, rolling and adhesion to endothelium.
2.migration across endothelium
3.migration in tissues toward chemotactic stimulus
17
Q
Inflammation: What do selectins do in endothelium?
A
Initiate rolling interactions with leukocytes
18
Q
The ligands for Selectins are ___
A
Sialylated oligosaccharides bound to mucin-like glycoproteins
19
Q
Endothelial cells, macrophages and mast cells release ____ when encountering microbes and dead cells.
A
Chemo attractant agents
20
Q
What are examples of chemo attractant agents?
A
IL-1
TNF
Chemokines
21
Q
Inflammation: What is the role of integrins?
A
Firmly adheres leukocytes so they can roll
22
Q
The main ligand expressed for integrins is ____
A
VCAM-1
23
Q
Neutrophils predominate the inflammatory site in the first _____ hrs
A
6-24
24
Q
Monocytes replace neutrophils in ____hrs
A
24-48
25
What is Chemotaxis?
Leukocytes moving toward site of injury/chemoattractant agents
26
When leukocytes are activated, they increased cytosol ____(ion) and activate enzymes ____ and ____
Calcium
Protein kinase C
Phospholipase A2
27
What are the stages of phagocytosis? 3
1. Recognition and attachment
2.engulfment
3.killing
28
How do leukocytes recognise microbes/dead cells?
Phagocytic receptors eg mannose receptors, scavenger receptors
29
What molecule is found in bacteria that allow the phagocytic receptors to distinguish between host cells?
Terminal mannose/fucose residues on glycoprotein/lipid
30
What is an opsonin? Example
Can coat microbes/dead cells to increase affinity for phagocytosis
Eg MAC-1
31
How are microbes killed by lysosomes?
Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen species
Lysosomal enzymes
32
What are the anti inflammatory cytokines? Role?
TGF-B, IL-10
Secreted from macrophages to assist termination of inflammatory rx
33
Development of 'cold abcess' is due to lack of ____(cytokine)
IL-17
34
What are Neutrophil Extra cellular Traps (NETs)?
A network of neutrophils that concentrate antimicrobial substances to trap microbes
35
Neutrophil Extra cellular Traps (NETS): how are they activated?
1.ROS activation of arginine deaminase
2. Convert arginine to citrulline
3. Leads to chromatin condensation until rupture and release
4.MPO and elastase are also released and enhance tlchromatin condensation
36
What is the role of A-antitrypsin?
Inhibits neutrophil elastase: prevents immune destruction of tissues
37
What is the role of NO (reactive O2 species)?
Neurotransmitter
Maintains vascular tone
Acts to kill bacteria
38
ROS are produced by activation of ____
NADPH Oxidase
39
____ is the most potent bactericidal system of neutrophils.
H2O2-MPO-Halide system
40
What are 5 antioxidant defense systems that protect against ROS?
1.Glutathione system
2. Superoxide dismutase
3.catalase (detoxes H2O2)
4.Ceruloplasmin
5.transferrin (iron free part)
41
Immune Rx: what is the effect of histamine?
Vasodilation: increased permeability and endothelial activation
42
Where is histamine sourced from? 3
Mast cells
Basophils
Platelets
43
Immune Rx: what is the effect of prostaglandins?
Vasodilation
Pain
Fever
44
Where are prostaglandins sourced from?
Mast cells
Leukocytes
45
Immune Rx: what is the effect of leukotrienes? 3
Increase vascular permeability
Chemotaxis
Leukocyte adhesion and activation
46
Where are leukotrienes sourced from?
Mast cells
Leukocytes
47
Where are cytokines (IL1, IL6, TNF) sourced from? 3
Macrophages
Mast cells
Endothelial cells
48
Immune Rx: what is the effect of cytokines (TNF, IL1, IL6)
Local: endothelial expression of adhesion molecules
Systemic: fever, hypotension (shock)
49
Immune Rx: what is the effect of chemokines? 2
Chemotaxis
Leukocyte activation
50
Where are chemokines sourced from? 2
ACTIVATED macrophages
mast cells
51
Immune Rx: what is the effect of platelet activating factor? 4
Vasodilation
Leukocyte adhesion
Chemotaxis
Oxidative burst
52
Complement is produced in ____(organ)
Liver
53
Immune Rx: what is the effect of complement? 3
Leukocyte chemotaxis
Direct target killing (membrane attack complex)
Mast cell stimulation (vasodilation)
54
Kinins are produced in ____(organ)
Liver
55
Immune Rx: what is the effect of kinins? 3
Smooth muscle contraction
Vasodilation
Pain
56
Where are complement and kinins sourced from?
Plasma
57
Vasoactive amines 2
Serotonin
Histamine
58
Which receptor do mast cells express, that lead to hypersensitivity Rx?
IgE
59
Serotonin is also known as ____
5-hydroxytryptamine
60
Serotonin effect on blood vessels?
Vasocontrictor
61
Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are produced from ____(molecule)
Arachidonic acid
62
The precursor molecule for arachidonic acid is ____
Linoleic acid
63
Cyclooxygenase produce ___(molecule)
Prostaglandins
64
Lipoxygenases produce _____(molecule)
Leukotrienes and lipoxins
65
_______ release arachidonic acid from phospholipid membrane.
Phospholipase A2
66
COX-1 is expressed in (locations) 2
Kidney
GI tract
67
Prostaglandins that cause vasodilation? 4
Any prostaglandin (prostacyclin PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2)
68
Which leukotrienes cause vasoconstriction and INCREASED permeability?
Leukotrienes C/D/E4
69
Thromboxane causes (blood Vessel effect)
Vasoconstriction
70
Kinins are derived from (cell molecule) by enzyme ____
Plasma proteins
Kallikriens
71
What are the 3 pathways which C3 can be cleaved?
1. Classical pathway: C1 binds to IgM or IgG
2.Alternative pathway: triggered by microbe molecules (eg endotoxin)
3.lectin pathway: C1 activation when mannose binding lectin binds to carbs on microbe
72
IFN-Gamma is sourced from
NK cells, T lymphocytes
73
A scar is an example of _____ inflammation
Fibrinous
74
A skin blister is a type of ____inflammation
Serous
75
What are the morphologic features that suggest chronic inflammation? 3
1. Infiltration with mononuclear cells
2.Attempts at healing: lots of connective tissue replacing underlying structures
3.tissue destruction
76
What cells make mononuclear phagocyte system? 4
1. liver (Kuppfer cells)
2. Spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes)
3.lungs (alveolar macrophages)
4.CNS (microglial cells)
77
Monocytes: derived from ____ in postnatal period.
Bone marrow
78
Monocytes: derived from ____ (2) during fetal period.
Embryonic yolk sac and fetal liver
79
What cell is this associated with?
Giant cell: granulomas eg TB
80
What cells trigger granulomatous inflammation?
T lymphocytes
81
Chronic inflammation associated with area of necrosis is known as ____ inflammation.
Granulomatous
82
____ and _____ (ILs) activate macrophage alternative pathway.
IL-4 and IL-13
83
Th1 cells produce ___ which activate ____pathway.
IFN-gamma
Classical
84
Th2 cells produce ____ (3) and activate ____ pathway.
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
85
CD___T cells promote inflammation (Th1, Th2,Th17)
CD4+
86
Tissue repair: What does 'organizing' mean?
Fibrosis happening in a space where there is inflammatory exudate eg organising pneumonia
87
What are 'labile' cells?
Cells that can continuously divide eg skin, exocrine glands salivary, vagina
88
What are 'stable' tissues?
Stay in G0 phase, but can divide when needed and generally limited in regeneration ability eg solid organs liver, kidney, pancreas
89
What are 'permanent' tissues?
Tissues that terminally differentiated and cannot divide eg cardiac muscle, CNS, neurons
90
The only 'stable' tissue that has unlimited proliferation potential is (organ)
Liver
91
_____(cell) produce IL6 to stimulate liver regeneration.
Kuppfer
92
What is the role of IL-6 in hepatocyte regeneration?
Allows hepatocytes to receive growth signals eg HGF, TGFAlpha
93
What are the steps in scar formation in tissues? 4
1. Inflammation: neutrophils, monocytes
2. Cell proliferation eg epithelial cells (growth factors), endothelial cells (angiogenesis), fibroblasts (collagen fibres)
3. Formation of granulation tissue: fibroblasts
4.deposit connective tissue
94
Angiogenesis: ____ stimulates migration and proliferation of endothelial cells.
VEGF-A
95
What is the role of angiopoitins in angiogenesis?
Ang1 and 2 help structural maturation of vessels
96
What cells assist in stabilisation of blood vessels?
What factors/signals assist this? 2
Smooth muscle
Pericytes
Connective tissue
TGF-B, PGDF
97
Angiogenesis: ____is the most important cytokine/signal for synthesis of connective tissue protein
TGF-B
98
____ (cells) contract a scar overtime.
Mylofibroblast
99
How do steroids inhibit wound healing?
Inhibit TGF-B (weakens scar by decreasing collagen deposition)
100
What chemicals are released in acute Inflammation, that cause pain? Eg in acute appendicitis
Prostaglandin
Bradykinin
101
What are chemotactic substances for neutrophils? 4
C5a
Leukotrienes
Selectins
Bacterial products
102
How does aspirin cause bleeding?
Inhibits Thromboxane A2 from platelets - prevents formation of plug
103
Immunoflorence: Linear pattern associated with which disease?
Good pastures (anti-GBM)
104
Immunofluorescence: granular pattern associated with which disease?
Antibody-complexes eg TIII hypersensitivity SLE
105
What is Widkott-Aldrich syndrome?
X linked
Deficiency of protein for Cytoskeletal functions eg actin
Recurrent infection, eczema, thrombocytopenia
106
Which molecule facilitate leukocyte adhesion through endothelium?
CD 31 or PECAM-1
107
What is the role of MPO in neutrophils?
Converts H2O2 into HOCL (microbicidal free radical)
108
When will a wound be at 80% tensile strength?
3 months
109
How does zinc aid wound healing?
Promote metalloproteinases
110
Which protein is involved in signal transduction between epidermal cells to the nucleus?
RAS protein
111
What checkpoint does RB protein regulate in cell cycle?
G1 to S transition
112
Which molecule inhibits angiogenesis?
Endostatin
113
Role of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) in angiogenesis?
Vascular remodeling
114
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) role in angiogenesis?
Promotes angiogenesis
