Ch. 8 -- After The Ice

Question 1

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 1

Period of fundamental change in human economy marked by a shift from foraging wild foods to the production of domesticated plants and animals

After ~12 kya

Question 2

Archaic

Answer 2

Chronological period in the New World that follows the Paleoindian period

End of Pleistocene, cultural adaptation period to new, post glacial environment

Question 3

Artificial selection

Answer 3

Process used in the domestication and refinement of plants and animals whereby human beings select which members of a species will live and produce offspring

Question 4

Australian Small Tool Phase

Answer 4

Cultural phase begin I g in Australia around 6 kya & became widespread w/in ~1 Kay

Production of blade tools = more efficient use of stone

Question 5

Backed blade

Answer 5

Stone blade tool in which one edge has been dulled or “backed” so it can be more readily held in the hand while being used

Question 6

Camelid

Answer 6

Large ruminant animal including bachtrian and dromedary camels in the Old World and llamas, alpacas, guanacos, & vicuñas in the New World

Question 7

Capsian

Answer 7

Northwest African culture dating to after 10 kya

Characterized by hunting of wild sheep, collection of shellfish & snails, & the harvesting of wild grains

Question 8

Carrying capacity

Answer 8

The number of organisms a given region or habitat can support without degrading the environment

Question 9

Cereal

Answer 9

Plants, esp grasses, that produce starchy grains

Among the first domesticated foods produced during the Neolithic

Question 10

Complex foraging

Answer 10

A system of bi ting animals and gathering wild plants in which subsistence is focused on a few, highly productive resources

Collected & stored, allowing for a more sedentary settlement system

Question 11

Domesticated

Answer 11

A plant or animal that has been altered by human beings through selective breeding

Some can no longer survive without human intervention

Question 12

Domestication

Answer 12

Through artificial selection, the production of new species of plants and animals that owe their existence to human intervention

Question 13

Egalitarian

Answer 13

Social systems in which all members of the same age/sex category are equal in the sense that they all possess the same amount of wealth, social standing, and political influence

Question 14

Einkorn

Answer 14

Variety of wheat

Question 15

Emmer

Answer 15

A variety of wheat

Question 16

Fertile Crescent

Answer 16

A crescent-shaped region extending from the eastern Mediterranean coast of modern Israel, Lebanon, and Syria, north into the Zagros Mountains, and then south toward the Persian Gulf

Area marked by an abundance of wild cereal grain at the beginning of the Holocene

Question 17

Hoabinhian

Answer 17

Southeast Asian Mesolithic stone-tool tradition based on the manufacture of tools from chipped pebbles

Question 18

Holocene Warm Maximum

Answer 18

Period when worldwide temperatures rose beginning about 8,700 ya

Temps higher than they are now

Question 19

Iberomaurusian

Answer 19

Northwest African culture dating to after 16000 B.P.

Inhabited coastal plain & interior of modern Tunisia & Morocco

Hunted wild cattle, gazelle, Hartebeest, & Barbary sheep & collected marine mollusks

Question 20

Jomon

Answer 20

Ancient Japanese culture dating from 13 kya

Foragers, relied on hunting wild animals & gathering wild plants & collecting seafood

Dense pop & complex social patterns before adoption of agriculture

Question 21

Lacustrine

Answer 21

Having to do with lakes

Question 22

Lake Forest Archaic

Answer 22

Archaic culture of eastern North America, centered in, though not restricted to, the region of the Great Lakes

Question 23

Legume

Answer 23

Produce fruits which grown in the form of a pod that splits along its seam when mature and opens to reveal the seeds

Question 24

Levant

Answer 24

Name applied to the areas along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, including present-day Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, & Egypt

Question 25

Linearbandkeramik

Answer 25

Early Neolithic culture of Central Europe 6,500 B.P. Subsistence base: domesticated emmer wheat, barley, & pulses

Question 26

Littoral

Answer 26

Related to the sea shore

Question 27

Macroband

Answer 27

A group of bands who interact on a regular basis

Question 28

Maglemosian

Answer 28

Early Mesolithic culture of Europe Adapted to a forest & lakeside environment Star Carr site

Question 29

Maritime Archaic

Answer 29

Archaic period culture of NE North America Along coast of New England & Canadian Maritime Provinces Subsistence focus: sea mammals Burials with elaborate grave goods

Question 30

Mast Forest Archaic

Answer 30

Archaic period culture of NE North America C. New England Subsistence base: resources of mast forest (nuts & animals such as deer)

Question 31

Mesolithic

Answer 31

Culture period after the Paleolithic & before the Neolithic Period of proliferation of many regional adaptations & an explosion of local cultural diversity

Question 32

Microband

Answer 32

Small, co-habituation F groups of people 10-15 people who move together in a pattern of seasonally nomadic movement

Question 33

Microblade

Answer 33

Very small stone blade, often with a very sharp cutting edge

Question 34

Microlith

Answer 34

Very small stone tool

Question 35

Midden

Answer 35

An archaeological feature that consists of a refuse heap A preserved like of trash, often food remains

Question 36

Natufian

Answer 36

Middle Eastern culture dated from 13,000 to 9,000 B.P. Mediterranean woodland zone Relied on wild wheat & barley "Set stage" for the Neolithic

Question 37

Neolithic

Answer 37

The "New Stone Age" Period after 12 kya when food producing through the domestication of plants and animals replaced foraging as the dominant mode of subsistence

Question 38

Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT)

Answer 38

??

Question 39

Paleo-Arctic tradition

Answer 39

Stone-tool tradition in the Arctic, dating to the period before 10 kya Tech involved production of microblades detached from wedge-shaped cores

Question 40

Peiligang

Answer 40

Earliest Neolithic culture in North China with well-established farming villages dating to 8,500 to 7,000 ya

Question 41

Pelagic

Answer 41

Anything related to or that lives in the open sea, far from shore

Question 42

Phytolith

Answer 42

Microscopic, inorganic particles produced by plants Extremely durable Morphology is species specific

Question 43

Qadan

Answer 43

Sites along he ankle in Egypt dating to the period 15-11 kya Reliance on fishing, hunting, & collection of wild grains Microblades exhibit polish that may indicate their use in the harvesting of wild cereal crops

Question 44

Rachis

Answer 44

Area of attachment between seeds & other seeds or between seeds & other parts of the plant

Question 45

Sedentism

Answer 45

A pattern of settlement in which a community of people tends to remain in one place over the course of a year or years

Question 46

Seedbed selection

Answer 46

Process wherein the seeds of wild plants are tended in planted seedbeds Later-germinating & slower-growing plants weeded out of seedbed, quickly sprouting & growing plants with larger seeds & thinner seed coats selected for unintentionally First step in plant domestication

Question 47

Shell Mound Archaic

Answer 47

One of the post-Pleistocene Archaic cultures American Midsouth Subsistence focus: freshwater shellfish Exhibit some level of social & economic differentiation in their burials

Question 48

Starch grains

Answer 48

Small fragments of starch produced by plants Shapes unique to individual plant species

Question 49

Taro

Answer 49

A tropical plant with edible roots & leaves

Question 50

Tehuacán

Answer 50

A valley in central, highland Mexico Produced arch data about the domestication of plants in the new world

Question 51

Teosinte

Answer 51

The wild ancestor of domesticated maize

Question 52

Tuber

Answer 52

A relatively short, fleshy, usually underground stem of a plant

Question 53

Yang-shao

Answer 53

Early Neolithic culture of China 7,000 B.P. Settlements appear to have been planned out Subsistence: cultivation of foxtail millet. Domesticated rice as well, but minor component in diet

Question 54

Younger Dryas

Answer 54

Name given in Europe to a stadial that lasted between 12,900 to 11,600 ya

Question 55

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating

Answer 55

A variety of radiocarbon dating