Ch 8 - Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
levels of organization
A
cells tissues organs organ systems body
2
Q
most basic level of organization
A
cell
3
Q
cells of similar types grouped together
A
tissues
4
Q
tissues interact to form discrete units of function
A
organs
5
Q
different organs interact to carry out common tasks
A
organ system
6
Q
integrated organ systems
A
body
7
Q
steady state of the body functions
A
homeostasis
8
Q
the ____ contains DNA
A
nucleus
9
Q
___ are linked to form chromosomes
A
genes
10
Q
powerhouse of the cell
A
mitochondria
11
Q
ATP
A
adenosine triphosphate
12
Q
mitochondria supplies energy of the cell in the form of ___
A
ATP
13
Q
all cellular material except plasma membrane and nucleus
A
cytoplasm
14
Q
encloses the cell and tightly regulates the flow of materials in/out of it
A
plasma membrane
15
Q
4 types of tissue
A
epithelial
muscle
nerve
connective
16
Q
type of tissue that forms flat sheets & is most often found on surfaces where exchange with the environment takes place or where rapid regeneration must occur to prevent internal structures
A
epithelial tissue
17
Q
tissues that move the body
A
muscle tissue
18
Q
striated voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton
A
skeletal muscle
19
Q
striated involuntary muscle that is found in the heart
A
cardiac muscle
20
Q
nonstriated involuntary muscle that lines the blood and lymph vessels within the body just below the epithelial tissue
A
smooth muscle
21
Q
tissue type specialized for intercellular communication by the conduction of electrical impulses and release of chemical messages
A
nerve tissue
22
Q
neurons contain 3 major portions:
A
dendrite
cell body (soma)
axon
23
Q
tissue type with the purpose of binding and supporting the other types of tissue
A
connective tissue
24
Q
which type of tissue is characterized by a relative scarcity of cells and relative abundance of ground substance secreted by the cells
A
connective tissue
25
in the ____ ____, the body is erect and facing forward
the arms are at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointed outward
anatomic position
26
ventral/anterior
front of the body
27
dorsal/posterior
back of the body
28
lateral
toward the side
29
medial
toward the middle
30
distal
farthest from point of origin
31
proximal
closer to point of attachment
32
inferior
below
33
superior
above
34
prone
lying on abdomen face-down
35
supine
lying on back face up
36
flexion
movement that bends a joint
37
extension
movement that straightens a joint
38
abduction
moves farther from central axis
39
adduction
moves closer to central axis
40
a vertical plane dividing the body into left and right
sagittal plane
41
vertical plane dividing the body into front and back
frontal plane
42
a horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom
transverse plane
43
two large body cavities
ventral, dorsal
44
how many major cavities are there?
8
45
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
What do these all have in common?
ventral cavities
46
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
What do these all have in common?
dorsal cavities
47
contains the heart within the pericardial cavity and lungs within the pleural cavity
thoracic cavity
48
heart is in the ____ cavity
pericardial
49
lungs are in the ___ cavity
pleural
50
contains the stomach, small/large intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and kidneys
abdominal cavity
51
contains the bladder, rectum, ovaries, and testes
pelvic cavity
52
contains the brain
cranial cavity
53
contains the spinal cord
spinal cavity
54
functions to support the body, provide movement, protect internal organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells
skeletal system
55
bones are classified by ____
shape
56
5 types of bones
```
long
short
flat
semisolid
irregular
```
57
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthosis
these are 3 types of ____
joints
58
disorders affecting the ____ system:
```
trauma
genetic diseases
metabolic diseases
autoimmune diseases
motor neuron infection or degradation
```
muscular
59
lab tests for the muscular system include: ___, ___, ___
adolase
creatine kinase
myoglobin
60
includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
integumentary system
61
principal functions of this system include protection, regulation of body temperature, and sensation
integumentary system
62
disorders affecting the ___ system include:
trauma
infection
neoplastic disease
inflammation
integumentary
63
includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons in the body
nervous system
64
the two nervous systems
peripheral nervous system, central nervous system
65
includes the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
66
PNS
peripheral nervous system
67
CNS
central nervous system
68
somatic and autonomic nervous system
motor system
69
bundles of neurons
tracts
70
the 3 membranes surrounding the brain
pia mater
arachnoid
dura mater
71
functions include body communication related to sensations, intellectual processes, and directing organs
nervous system
72
disorders affecting the ____ system include:
```
trauma
stroke
infection
neoplastic diseases
degeneration
autoimmune diseases
developmental disorders
psychiatric illnesses
```
nervous
73
includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, rectum, and anus
digestive system
74
accessory organs of the digestive system
gallbladder, liver, pancreas
75
the purpose of ____ is to break down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed by the intestines
digestion
76
chyme is passed into ____ _____ to aid in digestion
small intestine
77
food is attacked by enzymes to aid in digestion here
stomach
78
___ secretes digestive enzymes
pancreas
79
most water is reabsorbed here before food material is eliminated from the body
large intestine
80
this organ produces bile and stores nutrients/carbohydrates
liver
81
includes the kidneys, bladder, and urethra
urinary system
82
functions include removing metabolic waste from circulation, maintaining acid-base balance, and regulating body hydration
urinary system
83
this organ produces hormones that control blood pressure and regulate red blood cell production
kidneys
84
hormone released by the kidneys that controls blood pressure
renin
85
capillaries form into tight balls called ____
glomeruli
86
urine enters the nephron through the ____ ___ and drains into the ureter through the ____
collecting duct
| ureter
87
the entire structure of fluid tubules in the kidneys is called a _____
nephron
88
includes the nasal passages, throat, trachea, larynx, bronchi, and lungs
respiratory system
89
the function of this system is to obtain oxygen for use by the body's cells and to expel the carbon dioxide waste from metabolic processes
respiratory system
90
this system relies on the circulatory system to transport gases to and from the lungs
respiratory system
91
expansion of the chest cavity
external respiration
92
expanding the chest cavity _____ internal pressure and forces air into airways
decreases
93
____ is accomplished by relaxation of respiratory muscles and contraction of abdominal muscles
exhalation
94
oxyhemoglobin is carried through the circulatory system to all the body's tissues
internal respiration
95
comprises the glands and tissues that produce hormones that are released into the circulatory system
endocrine system
96
functions with the nervous system to tightly regulate body function to maintain homeostasis
endocrine system
97
```
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
GH
MSH
ADH
prolactin
oxytocin
```
These hormones are released by which gland?
pituitary gland
98
thyroxine
triiodothryonine
calcitonin
These hormones are released by which gland?
thyroid gland
99
parathormone
This hormones is released by which gland?
parathyroid gland
100
thymosin
This hormones is released by which gland?
thymus gland
101
insulin
glucagon
These hormones are released by which gland?
pancreas
102
```
epinephrine
norepinephrine
glucocorticoids
corticosterone
aldosterone
```
These hormones are released by which gland?
adrenal glands
103
testosterone
estrogen
progesterone
These hormones are released by which gland?
gonads
104
disorders affecting the _____ system most often involve either hypersecretion or hyposecretion
endocrine
105
____ is most often caused by a tumor of the glandular tissue or excess administration
hypersecretion
106
___ may result from genetic disease, autoimmunity, or nutritional deficiency
hyposecretion
107
the ____ _______ system includes the testes, urethra, prostate, and penis
male reproductive
108
functions to produce and ejaculate sperm
male reproductive system
109
the ___ _____ system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and cervix
female reproductive
110
functions to produce eggs, to allow for fertilization, and to nourish the developing embryo
female reproductive system
111
disorders of the male reproductive system are treated by an endocrinologist or a ____
urologist
112
disorders of the female reproductive system are treated by an endocrinologist or an _____/______
obstetrician/gynecologist (OBGYN)
113
bone is formed by ___
osteoblasts
114
bones are held together by ____
ligaments
115
muscles attach to bones via ____
tendons
116
hematopoiesis occurs in ___
bone
117
food is forced through the digestive system in a series of wavelike motions as smooth muscles contract
peristalsis
118
_____ is the master gland of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
119
pregnancy tests detect _____
HCG
120
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
