Ch 8 Biochem/nutrition

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

energy source like cellulose (supportive structure in plants)

Question 2

Monosaccharides

Answer 2

simple sugars; building blocks of other carbohydrates- glucose; fructose’ galactose; ribose
FRUGLURI

Question 3

Disaccharides

Answer 3

2 Monosaccharides (sugars)- maltose; sucrose; lactose

SMALA

Question 4

oligosaccharides

Answer 4

3-10 monos linked-

Question 5

polysaccharides

Answer 5

hundreds mono combined to form large compound- can be bound to proteins or lipids (grains) starch and glycogen

Question 6

Glucose

Answer 6

Dextrose; converted to glycogen energy storage

Question 7

glycoproteins

Answer 7

compound of carbohydraes and proteins

Question 8

glycolipids

Answer 8

oligosaccharide attached to lipid

Question 9

starch and glycogen

Answer 9

polysaccharides; amylose is starch in plants; digestible and hydrolyzed into simple sugars

Question 10

cellulose

Answer 10

a polysaccharide used by plants as their structural material (starch)

Question 11

Blood types are characterized by the carbohydrate portions of _______ on the surface of cells and the carbohydrate portion of serum _______.

Answer 11

glycolipids, glycoproteins

Question 12

Lipids

Answer 12

(fats, oils, and waxes) insoluble in water but soluble in some organic solvents; such as fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids;plasma membrane and form a sheath called myelin around many nerves..

Question 13

Hydrocarbons

Answer 13

Long lipid chains carbon/hydrogen;

Question 14

Glycerides

Answer 14

Mono, di and triglycerides

Question 15

nonglycerides

Answer 15

steroids; cholesterol

Question 16

complex lipids

Answer 16

lipoproteins and glycolipids

Question 17

fatty acids

Answer 17

organic acids consisting of hydrocarbon chains either saturated or nonsaturated

Question 18

saturated fatty acid

Answer 18

all carbons are bonged to 2 hydrogen’s and carbons at one end is methyl group CH3 and other end carbon is bonded to O and a hydroxyl group -OH > known as a carboxyl (-COOH) stearic acid

Question 19

monosaturated

Answer 19

If the chain contains one double bond, it is called monounsaturated.

Question 20

unsaturated

Answer 20

the carbons attached to the double bond have one less hydrogen, thus a total of one hydrogen each; animal fats contain 60% unsat. fatty acids

Question 21

polyunsaturated

Answer 21

there are multiple double bonds between carbons- Linoleic acid

Question 22

linoliec and linolenic acid

Answer 22

essential fatty acids

Question 23

skin and coat problems

Answer 23

abnormal metabolism of fatty acids

Question 24

triglycerides

Answer 24

glycerol and three fatty acids; main constituents of animal fats (butter, red meat); help solubilize fatty acids so they can be carried in blood and distributed; insoluble in blood

Question 25

cholesterol

Answer 25

part of group of lipids called steroids- measure lipid metabolism- insoluble in blood

Question 26

Lipoprotein

Answer 26

triglycerides and cholesterol attached to proteins; transport trigly. and chol. from intestines to other tissues; can transport internally synthesized tri and chol. between tissues or to liver. low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), transport cholesterol in the bloodstream

Question 27

bile

Answer 27

emulsifies lipids to be absorbed

Question 28

A complex lipid that includes a carbohydrate portion is a

Answer 28

glycolipid

Question 29

Blood plasma that appears cloudy may be an indication of which condition or disease state

Answer 29

lipemia

Question 30

Proteins

Answer 30

make up fibers in muscle; coating in viruses; keratin and collagen examples

Question 31

Enzymes

Answer 31

chemical reactions; lipase (example) digest fats; proteases digest proteins;

Question 32

Regulatory proteins

Answer 32

control gene expression; inflammatory response; replication

Question 33

transport proteins

Answer 33

membrane proteins

Question 34

amylase

Answer 34

Digests starches and polysaccharides

Question 35

amino acids

Answer 35

building blocks of proteins,

Question 36

peptides

Answer 36

chains of amino acids

Question 37

polypeptides

Answer 37

longer chains of amino acids

Question 38

essential amino acids

Answer 38

cannot be produced by the body.

Question 39

Taurine

Answer 39

specific to cats and ferrets

Question 40

vitamins

Answer 40

serve as chemical partners to enzymes in a variety of cellular reactions

Question 41

water soluble

Answer 41

vitamin B and C

Question 42

lipid soluble

Answer 42

vitamins A, D, E, and K

Question 43

synthesized by body

Answer 43

D, K, and the B vitamin biotin

Question 44

microminerals

Answer 44

``` calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S). ```

Question 45

microminerals

Answer 45

``` calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S). ```

Question 46

Fiber

Answer 46

cellulose and hemicellulose

Question 47

Which micromineral is an important component of Vitamin B12?

Answer 47

cobalt

Question 48

The deficiency of which essential micromineral results in anemia and fatty degeneration of the liver

Answer 48

cobalt

Question 49

Fixed formulation

Answer 49

combination of ingredients is fixed such that every batch of formula made will have the exact same level of each ingredient as the previous lot

Question 50

managed formulation

Answer 50

accounts for this natural ingredient variation by allowing small differences in ingredient inclusion from one batch of diet to another. The goal of a managed formulation is to maintain the same level of nutrition (protein, fat, etc.) over time

Question 51

The roles of cell-to-cell communication and self-recognition by the immune system are fulfilled by:

Answer 51

glycoproteins

Question 52

Which carbohydrate consists of two glucose units bound together?

Answer 52

maltose

Question 53

Mono and disaccharides

Answer 53

Sugars

Question 54

Polysaccharides

Answer 54

Carbohydrates and starches- can be bound to proteins for cell components.