Ch. 8 Language Acquisition Flashcards Preview

ENG 211 > Ch. 8 Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Flashcards in Ch. 8 Language Acquisition Deck (40)
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1
Q

innate

A

determined by factors presented at birth

2
Q

innateness hypothesis

A

humans are genetically predisposed to acquire and use language

3
Q

imitation theory

A

claims that children learn language by listening to the speech around them and reproducing what they hear

4
Q

reinforcement theory

A

asserts that children learn to speak like adults because they are praised, rewarded, or reinforced when they use the right forms and are corrected when they are wrong

5
Q

active construction of a grammar theory

A

most influential theory of language acquisition holds that children actually invent the rules of grammar themselves

6
Q

connection theories

A

theory of language acquisition which claims that children learn language though neutral connections in the brain.A child develops such connections though exposure to language and by using language

7
Q

social interaction theory

A

theory of language acquisition that claims that children acquire language through social interaction– in particular with older children and adults–and prompt their caregivers supply them with the appropriate language experience they need

8
Q

linguistic universals

A

property believed to be held in common by all natural languages

9
Q

universal grammar

A

the theoretically inborn set of of structural characteristics shared by all languages

10
Q

neglected children

A

neglected by their caretakers

11
Q

feral children

A

children who grew up in the wild

12
Q

homesign

A

communicative gestures that are invented by deaf children and the people who they routinely interact with where signed language is not available

13
Q

rules

A

children exploit statistical information from linguistic input

14
Q

child-directed speech

A

speech directed at children

15
Q

High Amplitude Sucking (HAS)

A

infants are given a special pacifier that is connected to a sound-generating system

16
Q

Conditioned Head-Turn Procedure (HT)

A

infants between five and eighteen months. infants sits on parent’s lap watching display and hearing sounds. infants use to associate sounds with display

17
Q

Voice onset time (VOT)

A

the length of time between the release of a consonant and the onset of voicing, that is, when the vocal folds start virbrating

18
Q

articulatory gestures

A

producing particular sounds by bringing both lips together, opening mouth, lowering the velum to allow air passage

19
Q

babble

A

producing sequences of vowels and consonants if they are acquiring a spoken language, or producing hand movements if they are acquiring sign language

20
Q

canonical babbling

A

starts around age 7 to 10 months. The repetition of syllables helps the infant practice a sequence of consonant and vowel sounds.

21
Q

variegated babbling

A

instead of repeating the same syllables “mamamama”, infants put together new syllables like “bugabimo”

22
Q

holophrastic stage

A

child is limited to one word at a time in their production but understands the meaning of more than a single word

23
Q

telegraphic

A

says only the words you need and are relevant and not the ones that carry no information

24
Q

overgeneralization

A

adding sound to plural form of words. mans, houses, noses, manses

25
Q

complexive concept

A

creating a set of objects that do not have any unifying characteristic

26
Q

overextension

A

when a child extends the range of a word’s meaning beyond that typically used by adults

27
Q

underextension

A

the application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech

28
Q

relational term

A

large or small constitute a relatively complex concept

29
Q

deictic expression

A

words referring to personal, temporal, or spatial aspects of an utterance and whose meaning depends on the context in which the word is used

30
Q

attention getters

A

used to tell children which utterances are addresses to them rather than to someone else and hence which utterances they ought to be listening to

31
Q

attention holders

A

used whenever they have more than one thing to say for example when telling a story

32
Q

way

A

altering the way adults say words when talking to children

33
Q

bilingual

A

speakers of two languages

34
Q

multilingual

A

speakers of more than two languages

35
Q

simultaneous bilingualism

A

learn more than one language from birth

36
Q

sequential bilingualism

A

begin learning their second language as young children

37
Q

second-language acquisition

A

learn a second language not as a young child but rather later in life

38
Q

language mixing or code switching

A

using more than one language in a conversation or even within a phrase

39
Q

foreign accent

A

mark from the phonology of another language that are more familiar to the speaker

40
Q

fossilization

A

non-native forms, as part of either the morpho-syntax or pronunciation, can become fixed and not change even after years of instruction