Ch. 8 Pruning

Question 1

ANSI A300

Answer 1

in the United States, industry-developed, national consensus standards of practice for tree care

Question 2

antigibberellin

Answer 2

plant growth regulator that inhibits the action of the plant hormone gibberellin, which, among other things, regulates cell elongation

Question 3

branch bark ridge

Answer 3

raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge

Question 4

branch collar

Answer 4

swollen area where a branch joins the trunk or another branch that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk

Question 5

branch protection zone

Answer 5

chemically and physically modified tissue within the trunk or parent branch at the base of a smaller, subordinate branch that slows the spread of discoloration and decay from the subordinate stem into the trunk or parent branch

Question 6

branch removal cut

Answer 6

pruning cut that removes the smaller of two branches at a union or a parent stem; pruning cut that removes a branch at its point of origin

Question 7

branch union

Answer 7

point where a branch originates from the trunk or another branch

Question 8

clearance pruning

Answer 8

pruning to reduce interference with people, activities, infrastructure, buildings, traffic, lines of sight, desired views, or the health and growth of other plants

Question 9

CODIT

Answer 9

acronym for compartmentalization of decay in trees. Sometimes interpreted as compartmentalization of damage or dysfunction in trees

Question 10

codominant stems

Answer 10

forked branches of nearly the same diameter, arising from a common union and lacking a branch collar; may have included bark

Question 11

compartmentalization

Answer 11

natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms

Question 12

directional pruning

Answer 12

selective removal of branches to guide and/or discourage growth in a particular direction

Question 13

espalier

Answer 13

(1) pruning system that develops a plant in a plane, such as along a wall or a fence (2) a plant trained in that manner (3) to train plants in that manner

Question 14

frond

Answer 14

large, divided leaf structure found in palms and ferns

Question 15

heading cut

Answer 15

pruning cut that removes a branch or stem between nodes (leaving a stub), to a bud, or to a live branch that is less than one-third the diameter of the stem being removed

Question 16

included bark

Answer 16

bark that becomes embedded in the union between branch and trunk or between codominant stems. Lacks wood connections, resulting in a weak structure

Question 17

inflorescence

Answer 17

cluster of flowers

Question 18

internodal

Answer 18

between nodes on a stem

Question 19

lateral

Answer 19

secondary or subordinate branch or root

Question 20

leader

Answer 20

primary terminal shoot or trunk of a tree. Large, usually upright stem. A stem that dominates a portion of the crown by suppressing lateral branches

Question 21

lion tailing

Answer 21

poor pruning practice in which an excessive number of branches are removed from the inside and lower part of specific limbs or a tree crown, leaving mostly terminal foliage. Results in poor branch taper, poor wind load distribution and a higher risk of branch failure

Question 22

permanent branches

Answer 22

in pruning, branches that will be left in place for the life of the tree, often forming the initial scaffold framework of a tree

Question 23

plant growth regulator

Answer 23

compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants. May be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic

Question 24

pollarding

Answer 24

semiformal pruning system that maintains crown size by initial heading of branches on young trees or young portions of older trees, followed by removal of sprouts to their point of origin at appropriate intervals, without disturbing the resulting pollard heads

Question 25

pruning objectives

Answer 25

the defined purpose for pruning

Question 26

pruning system

Answer 26

technique or procedure that is applied to develop the desired long-term form of the plant

Question 27

reduction

Answer 27

pruning to decrease height and/or spread of a branch or crown

Question 28

reduction cut

Answer 28

pruning cut that removes the larger of two or more branches or stems, or one or more codominant stems, to a live lateral branch typically at least one-third the diameter of the stem or branch being removed

Question 29

restoration

Answer 29

(1) pruning to improve the structure, form, and appearance of trees that have been vandalized, damaged, or improperly trimmed. (2) management and planting to restore altered or damaged ecosystems or landscapes (3) replacement or reproduction of damaged or destroyed plants

Question 30

scaffold branches

Answer 30

permanent branches that form the scaffold or structure of a tree

Question 31

shearing

Answer 31

cutting leaves, shoots, and branches to a desired plant, shape, or form, using tools designed for that purpose, as with topiary

Question 32

structural pruning

Answer 32

pruning to influence the orientation, spacing, growth rate, strength of attachment, and ultimate size of branches and stems

Question 33

subordinate

Answer 33

(1) prune to reduce the size and ensuing growth of a branch in relation to other branches or leaders (2) dominated by other trees, branches, or parts; suppressed

Question 34

temporary branches

Answer 34

branches (generally lower branches) that are left in place or subordinated but will be removed later.

Question 35

three-cut method

Answer 35

branch-removal technique consisting of an undercut and then a top cut, usually made farther out on the branch, followed by a third cut to remove the stub

Question 36

topiary

Answer 36

a formal pruning system that uses a combination of pruning, supporting, and training branches to orient a plant into a desired shape. Hedging is a subset of topiary.

Question 37

topping

Answer 37

reduction of tree size by cutting live branches and leaders to stubs, without regard to long-term tree health or structural integrity.

Question 38

watersprout

Answer 38

upright, epicormic shoot arising from the trunk or branches of a plant above the root graft or soil line. Incorrectly called a sucker.

Question 39

wound dressing

Answer 39

compound applied to tree wounds or pruning cuts

Question 40

woundwood

Answer 40

lignified, differentiated tissues produced on woody plants as a response to wounding