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RET1293 > Ch. 8 - Radiologic Examination of the Chest > Flashcards

Ch. 8 - Radiologic Examination of the Chest Flashcards

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1
Q

Clinically, x-rays are produced by an electronic device called __________.

A

X-ray tube

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2
Q

The ability of the x-rays to penetrate matter depends on what?

A

The density of the matter

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3
Q

A ventilation-perfusion lung scan can be used in determining the present of a ____________.

A

Pulmonary embolism

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4
Q

A radiodensity caused by fluid, tumor, inflammation, or scarring.

A

Pleural density

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5
Q

A large, thin-walled radiolucent area surrounded by normal lung tissue.

A

Bullae

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6
Q

A lesion in the lung that is 6 cm or more in diameter; commonly used to describe a pulmonary tumor.

A

Pulmonary mass

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7
Q

A density causes by interstitial thickening.

A

Interstitial density

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8
Q

A superficial air cyst protruding into the pleura; also called bullae.

A

Bleb

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9
Q

Any poorly defined radiodensity (white area); commonly used to describe an inflammatory lesion.

A

Infiltrate

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10
Q

A lesion in the lung that is less than 6 cm in diameter and composed of dense tissue; also called a solitary pulmonary nodule or coin lesion because its rounded, coinlike appearance

A

Pulmonary nodule

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11
Q

Any pathologic or traumatic alteration of tissue or loss of function of a part.

A

Lesion

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12
Q

A coarse reticular (netlike) density commonly seen in pneumoconiosis

A

Honeycombing

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13
Q

The act of becoming solid; commonly used to describe the solidification of the lung caused by a pathologic engorgement of the alveoli, as occurs in acute pneumonia.

A

Consolidation

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14
Q

A thin-walled radiolucent area surrounded by normal lung tissue

A

Air cyst

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15
Q

Permitting the passage of light (or in this cause, x-rays); commonly used to describe darker areas of the radiograph

A

Translucent (translucency)

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16
Q

Dense areas that appear white on the radiograph; the opposite of translucency.

A

Radiodensity

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17
Q

Refers to an uniformly dense lesion (white area); commonly used to describe solid tumors, fluid-containing cavities, or fluid in the pleural space

A

Homogenous density

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18
Q

A radiolucent (dark) area surrounded by dense tissue (white).

A

Cavity

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19
Q

A ____________ is the hallmark of a lung abscess.

A

Cavity

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20
Q

The absence of tissue marking may suggest:

A
  • Pneumothorax
  • Recent pneumonectomy
  • Chronic obstructive lung disease (E.g emphysema) or may be the result of an overexposed graph
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21
Q

What does blunting of the costophrenic angle suggest?

A

Presence of fluid

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22
Q

Where is a stomach air bubble commonly seen?

A

Under the left hemidiaphragm

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23
Q

An outline of air-containing bronchi beyond the normal point of viability.

A

Bronchogram

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24
Q

State of being opaque (white); an opaque area or spot; impervious to light rays or by extension, x-rays; opposite of translucent or radiolucent

A

Opacity

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25
A standard radiograph includes what two views?
- Posteroanterior radiograph - Lateral radiograph (either right or left lateral)
26
How is the standard PA chest radiograph obtained?
By having the patient stand or sit in the upright position.
27
MRI is superior to CT in identifying:
- Congenital heart disorders - Bone marrow diseases - Adenopathy - Lesions on the chest wall
28
What is the diameter of the average pulmonary capillary?
Approximately 8-10 µm
29
Normally, the left hilum is _____ higher than the right.
2 cm
30
On the PA projection, the ratio of the width of the heart to the thorax is normally less than _____.
1:2
31
What standard position is useful in the diagnosis of a suspected or known fluid accumulation in the pleural space?
Lateral decubitus
32
Normally, the right diaphragm is about 2 cm higher than left because of what?
The liver below it
33
At full inspiration, the diaphragmatic domes should be at the level of the _____________ posteriorly.
ninth to eleventh
34
An increased density of the hilar region may indicate engorgement of hilar vessels caused by what?
Pulmonary hypertension
35
What does vertical displacement of the hilum suggest?
Volume loss from one or more upper lobes of the lung on the affected side
36
An excessive amount of tissue markings may indicate:
- Fibrosis - Interstitial or alveolar edema - Lung compression - Underexposed radiograph
37
Abnormal lung tissue markings are called __________.
Infiltrates
38
What can flatten and depress the normal curvature of the diaphragm?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and diseases that cause gas or fluid to accumulate in the pleural space
39
Abnormal elevation of one diaphragm may result from:
- Excessive gas in the stomach - Collapse of the middle or lower lobe on affected side - Pulmonary infection at lung bases - Phrenic nerve damage - Spinal curvature
40
Intercostal spaces that are too close together suggests:
Loss of muscle tone, commonly seen in patients with paralysis involving one side of the chest
41
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the intercostal spaces are generally far apart because of what?
Alveolar hyperinflation
42
_________ displays blood flow measurements graphically, in terms of distance traveled per unit of time.
Spectral doppler
43
Up to how many images can be generated on a chest CT scan?
250 images, about 1 mm apart
44
________________ shows the metabolic activity of the tissue and organs scanned and the anatomic structures themselves.
Positron Emission Topography (PET scan)
45
______________is performed before and after the patient's heart is stressed by either exercise or injection of an agent that stimulates the heart to beat faster and harder.
Stress echocardiogram
46
A right lateral decubitus radiograph mean the patient's right side is _____. Up or down?
Down
47
Free air may appear under either diaphragm after ____________.
Abdominal surgery or in patients with peritoneal abscess
48
The X-ray is a vacuum-sealed glass tube that contains a ________________.
Cathode and a rotating anode
49
If a patient is too ill or immobilized, what standard position would you use to obtain an X-ray?
AP radiograph
50
What is the distance between the x-ray tube and film?
6 ft
51
For a lateral radiograph, if neither lung is of particular interest, a ______________ is usually selected to reduce the magnification of the heart.
Left lateral radiograph
52
_______ + ________ = three-dimensional view of the cardiac and pulmonary structures.
Lateral radiograph and PA radiograph
53
Which standard poison is obtained by having the patient lie on the left or right side rather than standing or sitting in the upright position?
Lateral decubitus radiograph
54
How would you verify proper position of a chest radiograph?
Check relationship of medial ends of the clavicles to the vertebral column
55
Two bulges should be seen on the right border of the heart. What is the upper and lower bulge?
Upper - Superior vena cava Lower - Right atrium
56
Three bulges should be seen on the left border of the heart. What are they?
Superior bulge - aorta Middle - Main pulmonary artery Inferior - Left ventricle
57
In infectious lung disorders such as histoplasmosis or TB, the lymph nodes around the hilar region are often what?
Enlarged, calcified, or both
58
What may flatten or depress the normal curvature of the diaphragm?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (E.g emphysema), and diseases that cause gas or fluid to accumulate in the pleural space
59
If a rib fracture is suspected but not seen on the standard radiograph, what may be necessary?
Rib series (chest radiograph that focuses on the ribs)
60
Large breast can carry a significant amount of haziness over the lower lung fields, giving the false appearance of ________________.
Pneumonia or pulmonary congestion
61
The resolution of a CT scan can adjusted to primarily view bone and mediastinal structures - commonly called a ____________.
Mediastinal window CT scan
62
________________ is useful in determining the precise location, size and shape of a lesion.
CT scan
63
What is an excellent diagnostic tool for the early detection of malignant lesions?
PET scans
64
Before undergoing a PET scan, the patient is injected intravenously with a solution of ______________ that has been targeted with a radioactive chemical isotope.
Glucose
65
The presence of a hot spot is likely to confirm ____________.
Rapidly growing tumor
66
How long can a PET scan take to complete?
90 minutes
67
What are some benefits of PET/CT?
- Earlier diagnosis - Accurate staging and localization - Precise treatment and monitoring
68
__________ is useful in identifying pulmonary emboli or arteriovenous malformations.
Pulmonary angiography
69
In ventilation-perfusion lung scans, the macroaggregates eventually break down, pass through pulmonary circulation and are excreted by what?
The liver
70
Ventilation-perfusion scan is obtained by injecting small particles of ________ called *macroaggregates*, tagged with radioactive material such as iodine-131 or technetium-99m.
Albumin
71
In addition to pulmonary emboli, a perfusion scan defect (white or light areas) may be caused by:
- Lung abscess - Lung compression - Loss of the pulmonary vascular system - Alveolar consolidation - Atelectasis
72
___________________ is a technique by which x-ray *motion* pictures of the chest are taken.
Fluoroscopy
73
___________________ entails the installation of a radiopaque material into the lumen of the tracheaobronchial tree.
Bronchography
74
A quick, noninvasive diagnostic examination that produces images of organs and structures inside the body.
Ultrasound imaging, also called * ultrasound imaging* or *sonography*
75
Fluid caused by inflammatory or cancerous conditions
Exudate
76
Caused by fluid that has leaked from blood or lymph vessels.
Transudate
77
A type of ultrasound that produces images of the heart.
Echocardiogram
78
Provides a non-invasive highly accurate and quick examination of the heart. Transducer is placed on the patient's chest while ultrasound waves create images of the heart.
Transthoracic echocardiogram
79
What Is the most common echocardiogram method?
Transthoracic echocardiogram
80
A special ultrasound method used to examine both the direction and velocity of blood flow through the heart chambers, heart valves, and great vessels.
Doppler echocardiogram
81
Determination of blood flow is done with what echocardiogram?
color Doppler and spectral Doppler
82
Commonly used when quality of transthoracic echocardiogram is poor.
Transesophageal echocardiogram
83
Method that uses an array of ultrasound probes to create detailed images to assess cardiac pathology, valvular defects and cardiomyopathies.
Three-dimensional echocardiography

RET1293 (10 decks)

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