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biology > Ch 9 How Species Evolve > Flashcards

Ch 9 How Species Evolve Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Gene pool

A

The complete set of alleles present within a particular population.

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2
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that carries the code to make a protein.

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3
Q

Allele

A

An alternate form of a gene.

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4
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same location.

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5
Q

Allele frequency

A

The proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool.

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6
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic composition of an organism at a particular gene locus.

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that are the result of gene expression and the environment.

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8
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population.

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9
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change to a DNA sequence.

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10
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent that can cause mutations in DNA.

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11
Q

Deleterious

A

Used to describe alleles that have an overall negative effect on individual fitness when expressed.

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12
Q

Heritability

A

The transmission from parent to offspring (i.e. encoded in genes).

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13
Q

Germline cell

A

A cell involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes.

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14
Q

Somatic cell

A

Any cell in an organism that is not a germline cell.

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15
Q

Point mutation

A

A mutation that alters a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence.

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16
Q

Block mutation

A

A mutation that affects a large chunk of DNA, or an entire gene.

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17
Q

Silent mutation

A

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon, but still coding for the same amino acid. Therefore, there is no effect on protein structure.

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18
Q

Missense mutation

A

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon and coding for a different amino acid. Therefore, there can potentially be an effect on protein structure.

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19
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A mutation in which a nucleotide is substituted for another, changing the codon to a stop codon, prematurely ceasing translation of the gene’s mRNA. Therefore, there is an effect on protein structure.

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20
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

A mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides, altering every codon from that point forward.

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21
Q

Degenerate

A

A property of the genetic code which means that a single amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon.

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22
Q

Reading frame

A

The order in which nucleotide triplets or codons are divided into a consecutive, non-overlapping sequence.

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23
Q

Aneuploidy

A

When a cell or organism varies in the usual amount of chromosomes in its genome by the addition or loss of a chromosome.

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24
Q

Polyploidy

A

When an organism contains additional sets of chromosomes in its genome.

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25
Environmental selection pressure
A factor in the environment (e.g. limited resources, deforestation, changing temperature, predation) that impacts an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
26
Competition
Interactions between organisms in which both are negatively impacted when vying for the same limited resources. Can exist within or between species.
27
Natural selection
A mechanism through which organisms that are better adapted to their environment have an increased chance of surviving and passing on their alleles.
28
Fitness
A measure of how well an organism survives and reproduces in its environment.
29
Advantageous phenotype
A biochemical, physical, or behavioural trait that increases an organism's fitness in its local environment.
30
Selective advantage
An organism conferred a beneficial allele, which increases its chance of survival against a specific environmental selection pressure.
31
Allele frequency
The proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool.
32
heritability
The transmission from parent to offspring (i.e encoded in genes)
33
Population
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.
34
Disadvantageous allele
An allele that encodes for a biochemical, physical, or behavioural trait that lowers an individual's fitness in its local environment.
35
Evolution
The change in the genetic makeup of a population over successive generations.
36
Genetic diversity
The variation in genetic makeup or alleles within a population.
37
Genetic drift
A random event that dramatically alters a population's gene pool.
38
Bottleneck effect
The reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a large proportion of a population is removed due to a chance event.
39
Founder effect
The reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a population is derived from a small unrepresentative sample of the original population.
40
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same location.
41
Allele frequency
The proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool.
42
Unrepresentative sample
A small selection of individuals from a larger group that does not reflect the characteristics of the larger group.
43
Gene pool
The complete set of alleles present within a particular population.
44
Inbredding
Sexual reproduction between two related individuals.
45
Adaptive potential
The ability for a population to adjust to new environmental selection pressures.
46
Interbreeding
When two individuals living in different populations mate and have offspring.
47
Gene flow
The flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration or interbreeding of individuals between two populations.
48
Immigration
The movement into a population.
49
Emigration
The movement out of a population.
50
Species
A group of individuals who are able to breed with each other and produce viable and fertile offspring.
51
Allopatric speciation
The geographic separation of a population from a parent population resulting in the formation of a new species.
52
Sympatric speciation
The divergence of a species from an original species without the presence of a geographical barrier.
53
Viable
Able to survive.
54
Fertile
The ability to produce offspring.
55
Geographic barrier
A physical factor that prevents gene flow, and thereby stops two populations from breeding together.
56
Ecological niche
The specific environmental conditions and resources or selection pressures within a particular environment.
57
Selective breeding
The changing of a population's gene pool due to humans altering the breeding behaviour of animals and plants to develop a selected trait. Also known as artificial selection.
58
Natural selection
A mechanism through which organisms that are better adapted to their environment have an increased chance of surviving and passing on their alleles.
59
Desirable trait
A heritable phenotype that humans select for during selective breeding.
60
Deleterious allele
An allele that has an overall negative effect on individual fitness when expressed.
61
Adaptive potential
The ability for a population to adjust to new environmental selection pressures.
62
Recessive allele
A trait that can be masked by a dominant allele on a homologous chromosome.
63
Homozygous
Having identical alleles for the same gene on homologous chromosomes.
64
Antimicrobial agent
An agent that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms. Examples include antiseptics, disinfectants, antifungals, antivirals, and antibacterial agents.
65
Antimicrobial resistance
The ability of a microorganism to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent.
66
Bacterial conjugation
The process in which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-cell contact.
67
Mutation
A permanent change to a DNA sequence.
68
Normal flora
Naturally occurring, non-pathogenic microbes present in an organism.
69
Virulence
The potential of a pathogen or disease to cause serious illness or harm.
70
Antigenic drift
Small and gradual mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens.
71
Antigenic shift
Sudden and significant mutations in the genes encoding for viral surface antigens.
72
Epidemic
A dramatically increased occurrence of a disease in a particular community at a particular time.
72
Viral recombination
The combination of surface antigens form two or more different strains of a virus to form a completely new virus subtype.
73
Pandemic
An epidemic that has spread across multiple countries and/or continents.

biology (12 decks)

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