Ch. 9: Lifespan of Development Flashcards

Question

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Initiative vs. guilt Ages? Initiative Ex: Guilt: Ex:

Answer 1

Initiative vs. guilt Ages 3-6 Intiivatve: acting on your desires and potentials, developing confidence Ex: “can we go to the park today, I’m the best soccer player” Guilt: development of conscience, needing to restrain desires appropriately Ex: disobeyed mom

Answer 2

Competence vs. inferiority Ages 6-12 Competence: child applying himself to learning Ex: “I can read, I know my multiplication tables” Inferiority: child perceives his skills or status to be inadequate Ex: someone got better test score than you; don’t have latest phone

Answer 3

Control – rule children with iron fist, more likely to use physical discipline; low control – no consequences Nurturing/responsiveness – some parents are warm, loving, listen to kids; others are cold, clinical, only their way

Answer 4

Authoritarian – parent centered, not warm, high in control, more likely physical, have attitude of my way, don’t take feelings or needs into account Kids tend to be more unhappy, moody, fearful, irritable, withdrawn, less likely to try new things, tend show lower self-esteem, think harsh aggressive methods will solve problems

Answer 5

Permissive-Indifferent (absent, neglectful) Ex: Doesn’t notice that Jess is up late; Jeff has no regular bedtime

Answer 6

Permissive-Indulgent (nurturing, but low in control and demand, no rules, want to be more of a friend, want kid to like them Kids more likely to have huge sense of entitlement, spoiled, center of universe, aggressive, impulsive, lack self-control, self-reliance, low in independence; positives: cheerful Ex: says, “find, if it’s that important to you.”

Answer 7

Authoritative: high in control, not as much as authoritarian, have rules, expectations, regulations, consequences, but they’re reasonable, also child-centered and responsive, willing to negotiate, hear kids, generally associated with best outcome for child Kids tend socially confident, self-control, assertive, helpful, more likely to have healthy sense of self esteem, friendly, self-reliant, cheerful,

Answer 8

Average height 11 yr old 5 ft tall, grow to be 5’9; girls 5’4 Girls have earlier growth spurt Boys keep growing and become taller than girls after age 14

Answer 9

Primary = directly involved in reproduction Secondary = indicates increasing sexual maturity (uterus bigger, eggs) Girls: 1st menstrual period (menarche) signals beginning of period is FALSE; pubic hair, breasts, growth spurt Boys: 1st ejaculation of seminal fluid; changes in genitals Changes in genitals/breasts, growth of body hair, deepening of voice in boys

Answer 10

Changes in body composition Average weight gain is 38 lbs, 42 lbs for boys Boys tend put more muscle, girls tend gain more fat, hips, butt; boys generally happier

Answer 11

Advantages: more muscles - more peer and adult approval, more popular, better at sports Disadvantages: more likely to become involved in delinquency and substance abuse; hang with older kids, do stuff he shouldn’t be doing

Answer 12

Advantages: maybe more popular with boys Disadvantages: feel less attractive, poorer self-concepts, more sexual attention from boys, more truncy, academic problems, and drug and alcohol use; attention from older boys, doing things they shouldn’t

Answer 13

Adolescents want increasing dependence from parents; parents understand it’s necessary and it’s a good thing Difficult for parents “Generation gap” Research suggests that there isn’t a huge generation gap; may agree on work ethic, religion, social issues, politics Adolescents and their parents have similar views in variety of areas Differences exist over issues of personal taste (music taste, clothing) Most parent/adolescent relationships characterized by love and respect idea that all teens hate their parents, parenting teens suck, is a myth

Answer 14

ADOLESCENT RELATIONSHIPS: PEERS Impact of peer pressure Social issues: clothing, music, dating Nonsocial issues: choosing career path, friends don’t have experience–won’t turn to friends, kids turn to experts

Answer 15

When do you become an adult? Importance of role transitions (involves assuming new responsibilities, duties) Examples: Completing education, full-time employment, establishing independent household, marriage, kids Social clock – the culturally-set timetable that establishes when role transitions are appropriate (best age to get married, finish school)

Answer 16

DECIDING TO HAVE CHILDREN: REASONS Love of children, want to be involved in their care, but don’t have to love children to have them Desire to experience pregnancy and childbirth Demonstrate adult status, prove they’re grown Impact of own childhood experiences, want to recreate your own experiences or give kids more than what you had Conform to social expectations, religions, friends Contraceptive failure

Answer 17

Childlessness increasing in 1976 9% women were childless in 2016, 17% of women were childless Reasons for smaller families Delayed childbearing – delaying marriage Infertility – some women put off kids until they’re in their 30s, have to take tests, etc. Financial concerns – not cheap

Answer 18

How does the birth of a first child affect marital satisfaction? Marital satisfaction tends to decline after the birth of the first child, parents say they struggle the most More responsibility, more work has to be done Gender differences Women more unhappy because then have more lion share of work and responsibility, only one who can nurse, still doing bulk of housework even after maternity leave Which couples are most unhappy after birth of first child? Couples that were the least happy to begin with (want to have another kid to fix relationship) Make sure relationship with partner is solid before having kids Leading conflict in first months is who doing what Way to increase happiness the more the husband do, the happier the marriage is – positive correlation Research study: interviewed couple right after birth, 6 months later, 18 months later, the more the husbands did, at 6 months, wives happier, but husbands not, but at 18 months later, both happy, happier marriage What about empty nest? A little sad, but vast majority of parents are happy Research says marital satisfaction increases because parents have more time together

Answer 19

ADULTHOOD DEVELOPMENT Levinson’s stages Early adulthood Middle adulthood Late adulthood

Answer 20

(~20 to 40-45) Big decisions: marriage, kids, career, Pursuing goals can be stressful

Answer 21

Middle adulthood (40-45 to 65) Midlife transition or midlife crisis? Research: it isn’t very common, more likely to have midlife transition – reevaluating life and goals Happiness in midlife, some it’s their greatest times in their lives, rekindle romance, no more kids, good experience, job No more or less traumatic in adulthood, can be rewarding

Answer 22

Late adulthood (65 and beyond) A lot of people still working because they enjoy, financial reasons Research: people in good health are generally happier and more satisfied with life, have more leisure time, can focus on family, travel

Answer 23

ACTIVITY THEORY OF AGING How do people age successfully? Depends Suggests that the people who are the most happy are those who are fully involved and engaged with the world, hobbies, socialize Criticism Makes no distinction between types of activities Slot machines vs. amusement park with family “Healthy Aging: The Power of Positive Thinking” Video Example people happier when acting like kids Men playing baseball, say they’ve felt better now than they ever have – “clean living” The secret = attitude Medical advantages have made huge difference in aging better more and more people are becoming independent Same energy levels, think young and in relatively good health is very important Physical realities do creep in: death, disease Love, exercise, spirituality, regular doctor visits can make you feel younger STAY PHYSICALLY ACTIVE

Answer 24

DYING AND DEATH People more anxious in middle age period, once in old age, less anxious

Answer 25

Theory developed by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Stage theory based one extensive interviews on people who are dying and those who cared for people dying Suggested that people pass through five stages Denial – defense mechanism permits people to absorb news in their own time Some researchers say it can be positive short term Anger – at a lot of people, people in good health, spouses, children, medical professionals, God Bargaining – if you’re good, you’ll be rewarded, negotiate their way out of death, promises (rarely kept) Helps keep people alive longer Depression – sense of loss, sadness, realizing they’ll never be able to do things Acceptance – peace with cycle of life KUBLER-ROSS’ THEORY Theory limited to those who are aware they are dying Stages are not universal, don’t occur in same sequence for everyone Too few stages? Researchers argue anxiety about the afterlife, pain, leaving people behind Many individual differences on how people handle it; important factors: Cause of dying – smoker vs. non smoker from lung cancer How long the process lasts Person’s age, gender, personality Social support available

Answer 26

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY - Sigmund Freud Personality defined as consistent patterns of thought, feelings, and behavior that originate within the individual What makes us unique? Freud – one of the most influential thinkers Very broad theory Began as medical doctor, treated hysteria, couldn’t find physical cause of problems Fascinated by medical symptoms but no underlying biological cause Asked about stressors, relationships “Talking cure”, theory came from observations of patients; what they would tell him, found in common with people

Answer 27

THREE LEVELS OF AWARENESS Conscious – thoughts, feelings, sensations you’re aware of Preconscious – information you’re currently not aware of but can be brought to consciousness What’s the day of the week today? Unconscious – contains repressed or forgotten memories, feelings, and thoughts; things overwhelmed, scary, you don’t want to think about Dominant, large part of mind according to Freud Greatly influences behavior even if you’re not aware Affects dreams Revealed in unintentional accidents or actions Student calling teacher mom Ego – outside in world, rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality Iceberg picture Majority of iceberg locating beneath surface, in unconscious

Answer 28

FREUD'S STRUCTURAL MIND THEORY: ID Represents biological drives, instincts; “a cauldron of seething excitement” Lacks reason, reality, morality Wants needs met IMMEDIATELY Works on the pleasure principle; feeling good Primary processing – irrational, fantasy-oriented thinking Hungry, stand up and just leave, so maybe you can daydream about food

Answer 29

FREUD’S STRUCTURAL MIND THEORY: EGO Helps ID get what it wants in a more appropriate way Task is to understand reality and satisfy needs appropriately Works on the reality principle Uses secondary processing – planning and decision making

Answer 30

FREUD’S STRUCTURAL MIND THEORY: SUPEREGO Develops during phallic stage Conscience internalization of parents, society, little voice in head telling you no Main function is to prohibit Focus on morally correct, behavior as perfectly as you can, doesn’t take reality into account Operates from the morality principle Example of healthy personality Married man’s ID sexual impulses need release, man thinks of wife, ID wants to call her up and skip work, supergo would tell him no, you can’t, need to go to work, ego is mediator, go to business meeting, daydream of wife, then after work, get gifts for wife and try to romance her

Answer 31

STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT: BACKGROUND INFO. Personality develops in first five years One body area (erogenous zone( is focus of each stage Goal in each stage is the need to transfer libido (energy), resolve conflict You have certain amount of energy, and you need to move it to another stage Free expression of biological impulse vs. parental constraint Frustration or overindulgence leads to problems Ex: Frustrated, not getting needs met; so why would you move to the next stage? Fixation – when portion of libido stuck in previous stage

Answer 32

ORAL STAGE Birth to age 2 Focus is mouth needs Infants born with sucking reflex, however, provides infant with pleasure Includes sucking and biting/chewing Behaviors associated with fixation – people who like sweets, cigarette smokers; tend to be more passive and dependent on others biting/chewing – nail biters, chew on ice, sarcastic, argumentative, independent

Answer 33

ANAL STAGE Age 2-3 Associated with expelling/retaining feces Importance of toilet training Behaviors associated with fixation Anal expulsive character type; room’s probably messy, unorganized, temper tantrums Anal retentive character type; neat, organizecan be very good at saving money

Answer 34

PHALLIC STAGE Age 4-5 Origin of Greek names Oedipal and Electra King oedipus unknowingly killed parents, electra killed mom to avenge dad’s death Child develops sexual desire for opposite sex parents If you don’t remember, Freud says you pushed it into unconscious Fear of punishment from same-sex parent Boys – castration anxiety (scared dad will take away their penis because of their love for mom) Girls – penis envy (blame mom for not having penis, propels to love her dad more) Resolution – increased identification with same-sex parents; behave and imitate same-sex parent, so they can find an s/o like parent Result is development of superego, sense of conscience Ex: kids want to marry parents, like people for same characteristics as parents Behaviors associated with fixation – promiscuous, don’t want to settle down, only self-love raised by single-parent, superego is less strong if didn’t go through phallic stage Freud said this is how to explain homosexuality

Answer 35

LATENCY PERIOD Not technically a stage Sexual drive dormant Energy channeled into school, friendships, sports, hobbies, sexual drive doesn’t awaken again until puberty

Answer 36

GENITAL STAGE Begins at puberty Stage of mature sexual love – lust, respect, care, admiration

Answer 37

CARL JUNG Relationship with Freud Started to disagree, freud ended friendship Agreed everyone has individual unconscious, but also argued for Collective unconscious – collective experiences humans had in evolutionary past, storehouse of ancestral experiences Contents are called archetypes (archetype for a mother, a benevolent God) Common archetypes Shadow – the darkside of personality inferiorities of a person; devil on shoulder Anima – feminine side of man; argued men are unaware of feminine side; causes men to occasionally show feminine traits, crying, tender, emotional Animus – masculine side of woman; woman unaware; sense of independence, aggressiveness, competitiveness, sense of adventure Persona – similar to a mask; identities we assume because of the socially prescribed roles we play

Answer 38

KAREN HORNEY Balanced role of doctor, wife, and mother Comparison to Freud; focused more on social and cultural influences on personality Psychological theory written by men relevant to women? Feminine Psychology Questioned validity of penis envy Based on interviews with neurotic women; maybe normal women aren’t actually jealous, jealous of what the penis represents, men can vote, own property, go to school Was a reflection of the era; women aren’t jealous of men’s biology; argued men jealous of women because women can give life, give birth Womb envy – men have such a small role to play to create life and caring for life, men feel weak and helpless, so they overcompensate for it by becoming workaholics; this is why men want to belittle them, scared that women will realize how much power they have

Answer 39

EVALUATION OF PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH Strengths Rich language to help describe personality (ID, Ego, Superego) Vast influence on modern psychology Aware of Unconscious Mind; we’re not always understanding why we say and behave in certain ways Comprehensive theory; talks about personality problems and development Weaknesses Many hypotheses are untestable (someone could lie Sex biased (Freud in particular) pessimistic ; we’re driven by our sexual drive, doesn’t explain altruistic behavior

Answer 40

HUMANISTIC APPROACH: CARL ROGERS Therapist and theorist 2 important aspects of personality development Self-actualization – person’s life long process of realizing their potential “To be that self which one truly is” Process of realizing your potential Open to new experiences, more willing to try new things, risk failure and ridicule Focus on the present, not focused on the regrets, what if’s, which doesn’t help you, worrying about future makes you miss out what’s happening right now Let go of needing control Believe in your intuition, trust your gut Unconditional positive regard You are accepted, respected, for being who you are UPR vs. conditions of worth (child believes they’ll be loved if _)

Answer 41

MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY Humans needs vary in their immediacy and power Humans need hunger over S/O Basic needs have to be satisfied first? Maslow believed yes, but research says no Needs are Overlapping; people experience partial satisfaction of multiple needs 5 levels of needs physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs

Answer 42

MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY Humans needs vary in their immediacy and power Humans need hunger over S/O Basic needs have to be satisfied first? Maslow believed yes, but research says no Needs are Overlapping; people experience partial satisfaction of multiple needs 5 levels of needs physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs

Answer 43

need to satisfy hunger and thirst If you have normal food access, you’re not thinking about it all the time bottom

Answer 44

safety needs – need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable School shootings 2nd

Answer 45

belongingness and love needs – need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Meet these needs by interaction with others, support groups 3rd

Answer 46

esteem needs – need for self-esteem, achievement, cometence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Esteem from others – desire for respect for other people, appreciation, status Self-esteem – personal desire for competence, achievement

Answer 47

Top of the Pyramid: self-actualization needs – need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential Maslow thinks we’re so focused on the other 4 levels, we’re not even motivated by the top of the pyramid, very small minority of people are driven by it

Answer 48

EVALUATION OF HUMANISTIC APPROACH Strengths Optimistic, positive, people intrinsically good, trying to be better humans compared to Freud’s approach on aggressive instincts Emphasizes uniqueness and validity of subjective experience, entitled to own view Emphasis on present and future, how you’re going to achieve goals Active approach; dynamic; we’re always changing, growing Weaknesses Too naive, positive, sentimental, doesn’t explain the darkside of human nature Theory is selfish, doesn’t talk about how you can help other people to be better Limited in scope; only focused on certain aspects of personality, not focusing on unconscious mind

Answer 49

SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH Combination of behavioral ideas and mental processes Bandura’s “triadic reciprocal determinism”: environment, behavior, and personal/cognitive factors (environment affects behavior, behavior affects environment, etc.) Ex: enjoying risk adrenaline rush activities Internal cognitive factors (thoughts and feelings about risky activities) ←→ environmental factors (bungee-jumping friends) ←→ behavior (learning to bungee jump) ← internal cognitive factors (thoughts and feelings about risky activities)

Answer 50

SELF-EFFICACY refers to your belief that you can successfully perform a behavior required to achieve a goal, whether you have the time, study skills Actual ability and self-efficacy are often independent sometimes what’s more important is the belief more than what you can actually do Where does self-efficacy come from? Performance accomplishments – most powerful source; when you perform a task well, it increases your belief you can perform similar task in the future or do it again Vicarious experience – if someone similar to you does something, it makes you believe you can do it too, increase expectations, gender, age can increase or decrease Verbal persuasion – most common source; being told by others you can succeed at something, encouraged Level of SE based on combination of internal and external sources when you accomplish something that’s internal, when you watch someone else succeed that’s external

Answer 51

EVALUATION OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH Strengths Theory is testable becaused focused on learning, can watch people engage in certain behaviors, with mental processes you can ask them things Part of a broader viewpoint, compatible with learning, perception, the way you make sense of the world, Weaknesses Not comprehensive approach, focused on specific aspects of personality like SE for example; ignoring development, change over time Not integrated; many researchers examining different social cognitive ideas but they’re not connected in any way, different people looking at different things at different parts of the world

Answer 52

EVALUATION OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH Strengths Theory is testable because it focused on learning, can watch people engage in certain behaviors, with mental processes you can ask them things Part of a broader viewpoint, compatible with learning, perception, the way you make sense of the world, Weaknesses Not comprehensive approach, focused on specific aspects of personality like SE for example; ignoring development, change over time Not integrated; many researchers examining different social cognitive ideas but they’re not connected in any way, different people looking at different things at different parts of the world

Answer 53

TRAIT APPROACH Suggests that personality is a combination of specific traits Goal is explaining individual differences (how can we explain one’s extrovert, introvert, etc.) Idea that no two personalities are the exact same Traits are relatively stable within the person and across time, but may not be stable across situations Ex: punctual teenager, probably a punctual grownup Focusing on traits being dimensional Ex: high extroversion and low extraversion,you can fall anywhere in the spectrum

Answer 54

THE “BIG FIVE” Basic structure of personality consists of five factors Associated with researchers Costa and McCrae Looked at stability overtime, cultures, etc. same traits regardless of sample Openness to Experience (high scores) Original thinkers, artistic, curious, tend to be very intelligent people, enjoy originality, excited about new ideas, score high on openness, insightful Conscientiousness Hard working, organized, responsible, highly associated with achievement motive Extroversion Sociable, outgoing, like large gatherings Agreeableness Friendly, cooperative, altruistic, get along with other people, trust other people, good natured, generous, sympathetic Neuroticism Emotional instability, mood all over the place and reactive

Answer 55

HEXACO THEORY Similar to Big 5, wit 6th trait added E = emotionality, X = extraversion, A = agreeableness, C = conscientiousness, O = openness H stands for honesty-humility Dark triad (evil) which negatively correlates with H – score for honesty goes up, then your score for the dark triad goes down Machiavellianism – tendency to manipulate others, take advantage of others, drifters Narcissism – sense of entitlement, idea that the rules don’t apply to you, you’re special and better than other people Psychopathy – combines impulsivity (behave without thinking of consequences and thinking it through) and lack of empathy (don’t care about other people’s needs and feelings) Wants what it wants when it wants (sounds like Freud’s ID)

Answer 56

BEHAVIORAL GENETICS How can we tell if personality is inherited? compare the degree of difference among subjects to their degree of genetic relatedness Family Study Study individual and first degree relatives (parents, siblings, kids) If individual is similar to relatives, it’s possible trait is genetic While it suggests it’s genetic you cannot prove it; parents could’ve taught you to be (ex) conscientious through observational learning Problem is separating genes from the environment, modeling, learning, reinforcement Twin Studies – monozygotic (share 100% of genes, identical) vs. dizygotic twins (2 eggs released, 2 sperm, only share same amount of genes as regular siblings, 50%, fraternal) Compare similarity between MZ and DZ twins One set of twins has more similar scores on the Big 5 than the other set of twins If MZ twins are more similar, it’s possible trait is genetic Same problem of separating genes from the environment Adoption studies Compare adopted child to both biological parent and adopted parent If child more similar to biological parent compared to adopted parent, it’s possible trait is genetic Is personality heritable? More evidence suggests traits do have heritable component

Answer 57

EVALUATION OF TRAIT APPROACH Strengths Focuses on stability of personality overtime Development of objective measures of personality Good empirical support, can study different ages, cultures, places Weaknesses Underestimates the importance of situational factors (spectrum of personality traits, sometimes extroverted, sometimes not) can’t predict Description not explanation; how does personality develop?

Answer 58

ASSESSING PERSONALITY Projectives – method from psychodynamic approach (freud, others) Refers to a standard set of vague stimuli Client supposed to project himself onto the stimuli; their response about what you see or explanation, must be coming from themselves and personality Example of Rorschach or Thematic Apperception Test

Answer 59

RORSCHACH Developed in 1921 Describe what inkblot card reminds you of 10 separate cards Reveals something about overall personality because the card is meaningless and ambiguous THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST Developed in 1935 31 picture cards, subject needs to create story about main character(s) Used to identify drives, emotions, and conflicts PROJECTIVES Strengths Allows clients great freedom in expressing themselves Taps into unconscious mind Weaknesses Poor validity, so-so reliability; may have different profiles few months from now expensive, not necessarily better

Answer 60

MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI-2) Most widely used personality test Contains over 500 T/F Statements Items cover physical and psychological health, social attitudes, occupational and family factors, etc. Has clinical scales and validity scales – see if person is honest, taking time to answer correctly, can catch people who are faking Good reliability and validity TABLE 11.6 simulated MPI-2 Items Table 11.5 the major personality perspectives