Ch 9 Part 2 Flashcards

Question

Hemostasis

Answer 1

Mechanism for body to stop bleeding: Platelets and Fibrin

Answer 2

Threadlike protein that forms mesh to hold platelets together. When Fibrin dries it becomes a scab. Fibrinogen ----> Fibrin (mediated by thrombin). Ca and Vitamin K required for many of proteins here.

Answer 3

A blood clot. A scab floating in the blood stream.

Answer 4

X-linked recessive group of diseases that reflects faults in the hemostatic system.

Answer 5

O2 is too hydrophobic to dissolve in plasma in significant quantities, requires RBC.

Answer 6

Composed of 4 polypeptide subunits. Each subunit has one molecule of heme, which has single atom of iron. Each Hb can carry 4 molecules of Oxygen. Binds Oxygen cooperatively. Tense state when no O2 bound. Relaxed after first O2 binds --> increases likelihood that other subunits will bind O2. At tissues, Hb has low affinity for O2. At lungs has high affinity.

Answer 7

Stabilized by decreased pH; Increased PCO2 Increased Temperature *Known as the Bohr Effect, and these conditions perfectly characterize the state of active tissue.

Answer 8

(#O2 molecules bound/#O2 binding sites) *100 Relaxed hemoglobin always has higher %saturation Represented in the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Characteristic Sigmoidal shape is typical of cooperative enzymes. *Note, fetal Hb is left shifted on this curve as has to "steal" O2 from the mom.

Answer 9

1. As Bicarbonate and a proton which is highly soluble (73%): CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+ Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase 2. Binding of CO2 to hemoglobin (20%). Not at O2 sites, but stabilizes tense hemoglobin state. 3. CO2 dissolved in blood (7%)

Answer 10

Spaces between endothelial cells in capillary walls that facilitate improved exchange of NUTRIENTS, WASTE, WBCs. Note O2 and CO2 can simply pass through cells by diffusion.

Answer 11

Amino Acids, Glucose, Lipids. Hepatic portal vein transports Amino acids and glucose from intestine to liver for storage. Fats are absorbed from intestine in CHYLOMICRONS (lipoprotein) that can enter lymphatic vessels in intestinal wall called LACTEALS. Lacteals drain into larger lymphatics that drain into a large vein in the neck. ie. bypass the hepatic-portal system. Chylomicrons are eventually transported to the liver and made into another lipoprotein and then released to move to adipocytes. When needed they are hydrolyzed to be free fatty acids that are released into blood stream.

Answer 12

Blood appears milky after eating a fatty meal as Chylomicrons in blood. "lipids flowing in blood"

Answer 13

Passed into blood stream, then to liver, converted into bile in gut and excreted as feces. Other waste is secreted directly by kidneys.

Answer 14

Only Neutrophils and Macrophages can move into surrounding tissues using amoebid movement.

Answer 15

Water flows out of capillaries efficiently: 1. High hydrostatic pressure from the heart 2. High osmolarity of surrounding tissue. (System counterbalances this by giving plasma a high osmolarity, oncotic pressure) Note that water tends to flow out of capillaries at start (high hydrostatic pressure; high osmolarity of surrounding tissue); and into capillaries at end (plasma more dense due to loss of water; lower hydrostatic pressure). Inflammation reflects a breakdown of this system though. Capillaries swell, intercellular clefts enlarge, more WBCs can leave blood, decreasing osmolarity of blood plasma.

Answer 16

water in tissue or swelling

Answer 17

One-way flow system. Function to retrieve WBC and proteins from body and return to circulation. Lymphatic capillaries --> Lymphatic vessels (valves) --> Lymphatic ducts (smooth muscle) --> Thoracic Duct --> Empties into large vein Fluid is termed Lymph, and is filtered by lymph nodes.

Answer 18

innate; humoral, and cell-mediated

Answer 19

General non-specific immunity to invaders. Examples: 1. Skin 2. Tears, saliva, blood - contain lysozymes 3. Stomach acidity 4. Macrophages and Neutrophils 5. Complement System - ~20 proteins that can bind surface of foreign cells and lead to destruction

Answer 20

Specific protection by antibodies (Ab) or Immunglobulins (Ig) All antibodies are composed of two copies of two different polypeptides joined by disulfide bonds: LIGHT CHAIN and HEAVY CHAIN Additionally, contains a CONSTANT region and a VARIABLE region (responsible for detecting foreign bodies, forms 3-D cleft specific to antigens). Immunoglobulins differentiated by constant regions: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE. Most antibodies circulating in plasma are IgG. Note that antibodies can only detect antigen surface proteins. Not cytoplasmic ones.

Answer 21

Located: Blood and B-cell surface Function: initial immune response; pentameric in blood; monomeric on B cell as antigen receptor.

Answer 22

Location: Blood Function: Ongoing immune response; can cross placental barrier

Answer 23

Location: B-cell surface Functions: Antigen receptor on B-cell; with IgM

Answer 24

Location: Secretions (Saliva, mucus, tears, breast milk) Functions: protects newborns; dimeric structure

Answer 25

Location: blood Function: Allergic Reactions

Answer 26

Molecule that an antibody binds

Answer 27

Small site that an antibody recognizes on a much larger antigen. There can be multiples on each antigen. Smaller molecules don't tend to get their own antibody. Rather, antibodies form to detect the smaller molecules (HAPTEN) when it to a larger antigenic molecule (CARRIER)

Answer 28

Can: 1. Directly innactivate the antigen 2. Can induce phagocytosis 3. Can activate the complement system of innate immune response.

Answer 29

Formed by Lymphocyte, B Cells B Cells are derived from bone marrow stem cells. Genes that encode antibodies are formed from small fragments by recombination. therefore many B cells have different variable gene regions, resulting in unique combinations of antibodies on surface. This means that B and T Cells are an exception to the rule that all cells contain the same genome. Immature B cells have different antibodies on surface. If bind Antigen that is recognized. B Cell divides into two types: Plasma cells and memory cells.r

Answer 30

Daughter of B-cells that actively produce and release antibody proteins into plasma.

Answer 31

Daughter of B-cells that remains dormant after activation of an immature B-cell. If encounters antigen will rapidly start to produce antibodies.

Answer 32

Selection for cells with a specific antigen binding capacity.

Answer 33

First time that someone experiences an antigen during infection. Production of antibodies can take up to a week, meaning symptoms are prevalent.

Answer 34

Much faster than primary. Result of memory cells.

Answer 35

Two types of T-Cells: T helpers (CD4); activates B Cells, T Killer Cells, and other immunity cells - but can only do this if antigen is presented on MHC II proteins by B Cells or macrophages. Controller of immune response. Also hosts HIV. T Killers (cytotoxic T cells, CD8 cells)

Answer 36

Hormones released by T helper cells to coordinate the immune response.

Answer 37

Attacks: 1. Virus-infected host cells 2. Cancer cells 3. Foreign cells ex. skin graft

Answer 38

Major Histocompatibility Complex. Important cell surface proteins on T cells. All our cells express MHC proteins so that T Cells can inspect them. MHC I - on all nucleated cells in the body. Pick up peptides from inside cell so T Cells can inspect. MHC II - only expressed on Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) which includes macrophages and B Cells. Phagocytize cells, chop up, and display for T helper cells to recognize -- which will activate B Cells and T killer cells.

Answer 39

T Cell binding to both antigen and the MHC molecule.

Answer 40

Gives rise to blood cells

Answer 41

Filters blood and is a site of immune cell interaction. Destroys old RBCs.

Answer 42

Site of T-cell maturation. Shrinks in size in adult as majority of maturation of immune system occurs during childhood.

Answer 43

Masses of Lymphatic tissue that catch pathogens entering the body. (can be removed)

Answer 44

Found near beginning of large intestine. Acts similarly to tonsils. (Can be removed)

Answer 45

Production of different B and T cells is random and so some of them can become specific to normal cells in the body. In Bone Marrow: For B cells that bind normal cell surface proteins, apoptosis is induced. For B cells that bind Soluble proteins, they become unresponsive or ANERGIC. Only B cells that don't bind normal cells are released into the blood stream. In Thymus or Lymphnodes: T cells that bind surface proteins undergo apoptosis, and because not all cell types exist in thymus, some become ANERGIC when bind outside in the periphery.

Answer 46

Type I daibetes mellitus Rheumatoid arthritis Graves disease myasthenia gravis Celiac Disease