Ch:9 Special Needs

Question 1

Immuno-Compromise

Answer 1

Diminished immune response due to medications, illness, age, etc.

Question 2

URTI

Answer 2

Illness caused by an acute infection, which manifests in the upper respiratory tract.

Question 3

Nutritional Antigens

Answer 3

Nutritional substance that causes the immune system to respond.

Question 4

Macrophage

Answer 4

Type of white blood cell that fights pathogens.

Question 5

Nutrient Partitioning

Answer 5

Allocation of nutrients to a particular destination based on the body’s perceived requirements.

Question 6

Meal Spacing

Answer 6

Amount of time between feedings.

Question 7

Nutritional Periodization

Answer 7

Continuous nutrition plan that is manipulated to accommodate more or less aggressive nutrition goals.

Question 8

Cardiac Output

Answer 8

Volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.

Question 9

The Rice Method

Answer 9

Rest, ice, compression, elevation; used to control the inflammatory response of an acute injury.

Question 10

Hyperpermeable

Answer 10

Increased penetration through a membrane.

Question 11

Vasodilation

Answer 11

Widening of blood vessels.

Question 12

Fibroblast

Answer 12

A cell that makes the structural fibers and ground substance of connective tissue.

Question 13

Scar Tissue

Answer 13

Fibrous tissue formed as a result of wound healing.

Question 14

Cox Enzyme Activity

Answer 14

Either of two related enzymes that control the production of biological mediators from arachidonic acid.

Question 15

Plant-Based Diets

Answer 15

Diet that includes primarily foods of plant origin.

Question 16

Vegans

Answer 16

Includes only foods from the plant/fungi kingdoms, devoid of all animal derived ingredients.

Question 17

Greenhouse Gases

Answer 17

Gases that absorb the heat release by the surface of the earth and cause global warming (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, water vapor0

Question 18

Rebound Intake

Answer 18

A high intake of food after a period of restriction.

Question 19

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 19

1) Use of excessive exercise to control bodyweight 2) Self-induced starvation 3) Below 85% of normal bodyweight.

Question 20

Amenorrhea

Answer 20

Abnormal suppression or absence of menstruation.

Question 21

Bulimia

Answer 21

Uncontrolled episodes of overeating followed by some form of purging.

Question 22

Binge Eating

Answer 22

Uncontrollable consumption of excessive amounts of food in a very short period of time.

Question 23

Anorexia Athletica

Answer 23

Use of excessive exercise to control bodyweight.

Question 24

Type I Diabetes

Answer 24

An auto-immune disease that destroys pancreatic cells; results in little to no insulin production.

Question 25

Type II Diabetes

Answer 25

When the body has become resistant to insulin, or does not produce in any more; this is the more common for of diabetes mellitus.

Question 26

Glycation

Answer 26

Binding of a sugar molecule without the controlling action of an enzyme.

Question 27

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 27

Damage to small blood vessels of the eyes, due to glycation of the retina.

Question 28

Lifestyle-Related Disease

Answer 28

Diseases that are cause and/or affected buy the way we live (e.g. amount of exercise, quality of nutrition, smoking, stress, etc.)

Question 29

Western Diet

Answer 29

Dietary pattern followed by those in much of the western world; consists of processed and fast foods with high-calorie density and low-nutrient density.

Question 30

Hemoglobin A1c

Answer 30

Glycated hemoglobin; reflects average blood glucose level over the past three months.

Question 31

Atherosclerosis

Answer 31

Development of plaque in the lime (interior space) of blood vessels.

Question 32

Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 32

A blend of conditions that often occur together, consisting of obesity, high blood sugar, high blood pressure, decreased HDL and high triglycerides.

Question 33

Statin Drugs

Answer 33

Pharmaceutical agents that decrease cholesterol production within the body via down regulation of HMG-CoA reductase.

Question 34

Soluble Fiber

Answer 34

Relatively indigestible water-soluble polysaccharides found in plants (e.g., psyllium, pectin) that undergo metabolic processing to enhance bowel health.

Question 35

Neural Tube Defects

Answer 35

Birth defects of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 36

Pre-Eclampsia

Answer 36

A condition in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and swelling.