Ch:1 Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Sum of reactions that take place to build up and break down the body.

Question 2

Homeostasis

Answer 2

The body’s ability to maintain a stable and constant internal condition.

Question 3

Protein

Answer 3

Large and complex molecule consisting of amino acids (which contain nitrogen) that are essential for living cells.

Question 4

Pathogen

Answer 4

Disease-causing agent; usually bacteria, virus, or fungi.

Question 5

Enzyme

Answer 5

Substance that helps catalyze chemical reactions.

Question 6

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 6

Tissue composed of cellular layers that protect outer surfaces of the human body such as skin, mucosa, and intestinal lining.

Question 7

Connective Tissue

Answer 7

Supportive tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and fascia, formed from a fibrous matrix.

Question 8

Muscle Tissue

Answer 8

Tissue consisting of bundles of cells that contract when stimulated.

Question 9

Nervous Tissue

Answer 9

Tissue capable of conducting impulses that help to connect and communicate signals to other parts of the body.

Question 10

Organelle

Answer 10

Component of the cell that is responsible for a specific task.

Question 11

Cytoplasm

Answer 11

Fluid medium inside of the cell, but outside of the nucleus, that surrounds organelles.

Question 12

Plasma Membrane

Answer 12

Lipid bilayer that is permeable to certain compounds that contains the cell.

Question 13

LIpid

Answer 13

Organic substance that is insoluble in water; provides structure, storage, and messenger functions in the body.

Question 14

Cholesterol

Answer 14

Lipid/sterol contained in the body’s cells and fluids that acts as a precursor to hormones and bodily structures.

Question 15

Phospholipids

Answer 15

A type of lipid with a hydrophilic phosphate group “head” and hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” that forms cell membranes.

Question 16

Hydrophilic

Answer 16

Strong affinity for water.

Question 17

Hydrophobic

Answer 17

Lack of affinity for water.

Question 18

Cytosol

Answer 18

Internal fluid portion of the cell.

Question 19

Mitochondria

Answer 19

Organelles that supply the cells’ energy/ATP.

Question 20

Oxidize

Answer 20

To combine with oxygen.

Question 21

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 21

Adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups that supplies energy for the cell.

Question 22

Cristae

Answer 22

Internal compartments of the mitochondria.

Question 23

Mitochondrial Density

Answer 23

Quantity of mitochondria per unit volume.

Question 24

Mitochondrial Quality

Answer 24

Specific attributes of mitochondria.

Question 25

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Answer 25

Various substances formed as a byproduct of metabolism that are highly reactive due to the unpaired electron shell.

Question 26

Free Radicals

Answer 26

Reactive atom with one or more electrons.

Question 27

Chromosomes

Answer 27

Organized structure of DNA, found within cells, that contains the genes of an organism.

Question 28

Transcription

Answer 28

Construction of mRNA from a DNA molecule.

Question 29

Translation

Answer 29

Forming a protein molecule based on the information contained in the mRNA.

Question 30

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 30

Cytoplasmic membrane that translates proteins.

Question 31

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 31

Cytoplasmic organelle necessary for the modification and transport of proteins.

Question 32

Ribosomes

Answer 32

A complex rich in RNA and protein found in cells.

Question 33

Glycoproteins

Answer 33

Protein that contains a carbohydrate group, involved in membrane integrity.

Question 34

Ribonucleic Acids (RNA)

Answer 34

Various nucleic acids on a single strand containing ribose and uracil, necessary for the control of cell activities.

Question 35

Cisternae

Answer 35

Flattened membrane disc of Golgi Apparatus.

Question 36

Vesicles

Answer 36

Fluid filled pouch/sac that can transport and store compounds.

Question 37

Lysosome

Answer 37

Organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 38

Microorganism

Answer 38

Organism of microscopic size.

Question 39

Peroxisome

Answer 39

Cytoplasmic organelle with enzymes that help with the breakdown of fatty acids and other macromolecules.

Question 40

Detoxify

Answer 40

To remove a poison or toxin from the body.

Question 41

Receptor-Ligand Binding Complex

Answer 41

A complex formed between a receptor and a substance to allow for further cellular activity.

Question 42

Signal Transcription

Answer 42

Conversion of one signal to another by a cell.

Question 43

Second Messenger

Answer 43

Substance that mediates intracellular activity by relaying a signal from an extracellular molecule.

Question 44

Ligand

Answer 44

Any substance that binds specifically and reversibly to another chemical entity to form a larger complex.

Question 45

Transport Protein

Answer 45

Protein that moves compounds across a membrane.

Question 46

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 46

Transport that requires a carrier molecule; occurs when diffusion of a substance on its own is not possible.

Question 47

Active Transport

Answer 47

Movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Question 48

Substrate

Answer 48

Substance acted upon by an enzyme.

Question 49

Lock-and-Key Model

Answer 49

Model that explains enzyme specificity.

Question 50

Induced Fit Model

Answer 50

Model that suggests enzymes are rather flexible structures.

Question 51

Co-Enzyme

Answer 51

Non-protein compound that forms the active portion of an enzyme system.

Question 52

Catalyze

Answer 52

Initiate or increase the rate of a chemical reaction.