ch. 9 terms

Question 1

Muscles can transform ________ energy (ATP) into __________ energy, which is capable of exerting force for movement

Answer 1

chemical, mechanical

Question 2

Myo and mys are prefixes for _________
Sarco means ________

Answer 2

muscle, flesh

Question 3

Only skeletal and ________ muscle cells are elongated and referred to as muscle fibers
Cardiac muscle cells are called _____________

Answer 3

smooth, cardiocytes

Question 4

_________ (skeletal/smooth) muscles are organs that are attached to ______ and skin, their fibers are striated, these muscles are __________

Answer 4

skeletal, bones, voluntary

Question 5

Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the _______ where it makes up bulk of heart walls
 Cardiac muscle is _______ and _________
 Cardiac muscle can _______ on its own with pacemaker cells and without nervous system stimulation

Answer 5

heart, striated, involuntary, contract

Question 6

Smooth muscle tissue is found in walls of hollow v________ organs
 Smooth muscle (is/ is not) _______ striated and is _________
 Some Smooth muscle cells can ________ on their own with pacemaker cells and without nervous system stimulation

Answer 6

visceral, is not, involuntary, contract

Question 7

1. e___________ = responsiveness
    The ability to receive and r________ to stimuli by changing the membrane potential
2. Contractility is the ability to s_______ forcibly when stimulated
3. E__________ is the ability to be stretched beyond resting length
4. Elasticity is the ability to r______ to resting length after stretching

Answer 7

excitability, respond, shorten, extensibility, recoil

Question 8

Four important Muscle functions
1. Produce ________
2. ________ posture and body position
3. Stabilize _______
4. Generate ______ as they contract

Answer 8

movement, maintain, joints, heat

Question 9

Skeletal muscle is an organ made up of different tissues
1. _______ muscle fibers
2. _____ fibers
3. _______ vessels
4. ___________ tissue sheaths
5. Attachments

Answer 9

skeletal, nerve, blood, connective

Question 10

every ________ muscle fiber is supplied with a nerve ending that controls its ________

Answer 10

skeletal, activity

Question 11

Contracting muscle fibers require
1. Continuous delivery of _____ and nutrients
2. e_______

Answer 11

O2, excretion

Question 12

job of Connective Tissue Sheaths
1. s_________ muscle cells
2. r__________ and hold whole muscle together

Answer 12

support, reinforce

Question 13

CT Sheaths from external to internal
1. ___mysium
2. _____mysium
3. ____mysium

Answer 13

epi, peri, endo

Question 14

*Epimysium is dense ________ CT that surrounds the whole muscle
*Perimysium is f________ CT surrounding fascicles
*Endomysium is fine a______ CT surrounding each muscle fiber

Answer 14

irregular, fibrous, areolar

Question 15

1. _______ - attachment to movable bone
2. ___________ - attachment to immovable or less movable bone

Answer 15

insertion, origin

Question 16

With _______ attachments, the epimysium is fused to the
periosteum of bone

Answer 16

direct

Question 17

*Sarco________ is the muscle fiber’s plasma membrane
*Sarco_____ is the muscle fiber’s cytoplasm

Answer 17

sarcolemma, sarcoplasm

Question 18

m_________ are densely packed rod-like elements that account for ~80% of muscle cell volume and run the length of muscle fibers

Answer 18

Myofibrils

Question 19

Myofibril s________ are stripes formed from repeating series of
dark and light bands along length of each myofibril

Answer 19

striations

Question 20

Region of a myofibril between two Z discs is called a
s___________

Answer 20

sarcomere

Question 21

m___________ myofilaments are thick filaments with myosin heads located
in the middle between Z discs
*Myosin is composed of p_______ myosin intertwined to form a myosin tail and forms the myosin globular head

Answer 21

myosin, protein

Question 22

g____________ heads are the “business end” of myosin. During a
muscle contraction, myosin globular heads link myosin to actin
at actin’s active site forming c_______ bridges

Answer 22

Globular, cross

Question 23

a_____ myofilaments are thin filaments with active sites anchored to
Z discs
actin subunits are link together to form long, fibrous strands
twisted together to form a thin f___________ like a “twisted string of
pearls”

Answer 23

actin, filament

Question 24

t______________ molecules spiral around actin to stabilize it

Answer 24

tropomyosin

Question 25

t_________ consists of three globular polypeptides and calcium binds to __________

Answer 25

Troponin (x2)

Question 26

e________ filament is composed of protein titin and hold the thick filaments, myosin, in place

Answer 26

elastic

Question 27

s____________ reticulum consists of interconnecting tubules surrounding each myofibril like a crocheted sleeve

Answer 27

sarcoplasmic

Question 28

s______________ protrudes deep into the cell’s interior forming T tubules which are i__________ of the Sarcolemma

Answer 28

sarcolemma, invaginations

Question 29

t_______ (another name for a piano chord) consist of a T tubule running between the paired terminal cisterns of SR the Triad area formed is from 2 Terminal c______, T t______

Answer 29

triad, cisterns, tubule

Question 30

s___________ occurs if the cross bridges generate enough tension on the thin filaments to exceed forces opposing shortening,

Answer 30

shortening

Question 31

c____________ (pre/during labor) ends when cross bridges become inactive, tension declines, and the muscle fiber relaxes

Answer 31

contraction

Question 32

in the r_________ state, thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly

Answer 32

relaxed

Question 33

s_______ filament model of contraction states that during a c_________ the thin filaments slide past thick filaments causing actin and myosin to overlap more

Answer 33

sliding, contraction

Question 34

Muscle Fiber c__________ is due to motor neuron stimulating s______ muscle fiber to contract

Answer 34

contraction, skeletal

Question 35

Four steps must occur for skeletal muscle fiber to contract 1. n________ stimulation 2. a__________ potential = electrical current must be generated in sarcolemma 3. Action potential automatically propagated along s_______ 4. Intracellular ______ levels must rise briefly

Answer 35

nerve, action, sarcolemma, CA2+

Question 36

skeletal muscle cells are stimulated by s________ motor neurons Parts of a Somatic Motor Neuron 1. Dendrites 2. ____ Body 3. Axons- long, threadlike extensions of motor neurons that travel from _______ nervous system to skeletal muscle 4. terminal Branches- Each __________ branch gives off curling branches forming an elliptical neuro__________ Junction 5. Axon Terminals- the very end of the motor n_______ is the mound-like

Answer 36

somatic, cell, central, terminal, neuromuscular, neuron

Question 37

s______ vesicles that contain the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

Answer 37

synaptic

Question 38

ACh diffuses across cleft and ACh b______ with ACh r_______ on sarcolemma of muscle fiber

Answer 38

binds, receptors

Question 39

ACh is quickly broken down by the enzyme a____________________, which stops the contraction

Answer 39

acetylcholinesterase

Question 40

Resting s_____________ is p___________ which means a voltage exists across plasma membrane

Answer 40

sarcolemma, polarized

Question 41

An ____ plate potential (EPP) is a v_______ that causes the d________ of skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 41

end, voltage, depolarization

Question 42

d___________ occurs when the inside of the cell becomes p_________ and outside the cell becomes n___________

Answer 42

depolarization, positive, negative

Question 43

action potentials spreads across sarcolemma from one Na+ channel to next one in adjacent areas causing that area to depolarize. This is called s_________-p______________

Answer 43

self-propagating

Question 44

r____________ is when the inside of the cell becomes n_________ and outside the cell becomes p__________

Answer 44

repolarization, negative, positive

Question 45

During the r___________ period a muscle fiber cannot be stimulated again until repolarization is complete *Repolarization only restores the electrical conditions of a positive charge on the ____________ of sarcolemma and a negative charge on _______ of the sarcolemma

Answer 45

refractory, outside, inside

Question 46

Once an Action p_______ starts on muscle cell it is u unstoppable and results in the c___________ of a muscle fiber

Answer 46

potential, contraction

Question 47

Excitation-Contraction Coupling are the events that t__________ AP along the sarcolemma *With (E-C) coupling, an AP is propagated along s______________

Answer 47

transmit, sarcolemma

Question 48

c__________ bridge formation occurs when a high-energy myosin head attaches to the a_____ active site *In the p________ stroke, the myosin head pivots and pulls thin filament (actin) toward middle of the sarcomere *Cross bridge d____________ results when ATP attaches to myosin head, causing the cross bridge to detach *c__________ of myosin head occurs when ATP “cocks” myosin head into high-energy state

Answer 48

cross, actin, power, detachment, cocking

Question 49

m________ unit is the nerve-muscle functional unit

Answer 49

motor

Question 50

When a Motor unit transmits an AP, all the muscle fibers it innervates c____________ simultaneously

Answer 50

contract

Question 51

in a s________ Motor Unit, the motor neuron can supply a few muscle cells *Smaller motor units result in control that is more p_________. In a l_______ Motor Unit, the motor neuron can supply several hundred muscle cells *Larger motor units produce greater f_______

Answer 51

small, precise, large, force

Question 52

Muscle t_____ occurs when a muscle fiber c______ quickly and then relaxes

Answer 52

twitch, contracts

Question 53

i___________ Muscle Twitch is not strong enough to do any useful work because it is rapid and brief

Answer 53

individual

Question 54

Muscle contractions are graded in two ways by changing 1. f___________ of stimulation = wave summation 2. s________ (gym) 3.of stimulation = recruitment of motor units

Answer 54

frequency, strength

Question 55

The nervous system achieves a greater m__________ force by increasing the frequency of the firing rate of the motor n_______

Answer 55

muscular, neurons

Question 56

____ _________ occurs when stimulations are quickly delivered to a muscle fiber before it relaxes

Answer 56

wave summation

Question 57

r______________ is the result of change in stimulus strength Recruitment controls the f_____ of contraction 1. By calling more and more m____ fibers into play 2. By calling more and more m______ units into play

Answer 57

recruitment, force, muscle, motor

Question 58

s___________ stimulus, the stimulus is not strong enough so no contractions are seen *With a t__________ stimulus, the stimulus is strong enough to cause the first observable contraction *m__________ stimulus is the strongest stimulus and increases maximum contractile force as all motor units have been recruited

Answer 58

subthreshold, threshold, maximal

Question 59

in i___________ contractions, muscle contraction moves the load with the same tension (actin slides past myosin)

Answer 59

Isotonic

Question 60

c_____________ contraction, the muscle shortens and does work. e___________ contraction, generates force as it lengthens

Answer 60

concentric, eccentric

Question 61

In i____________ contractions, the load is greater than the maximum tension the muscle can generate so the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens (cross bridges generate a force but do not move actin filaments)

Answer 61

isometric

Question 62

 Creatine phosphate is a unique h_____ energy molecule  Creatine phosphate is located in m_______ fibers and donates phosphate to A__P to form A__P

Answer 62

high, muscle, D, T

Question 63

v_______ exercise alters muscle chemistry for a muscle to return to its pre-exercise state

Answer 63

vigorous

Question 64

Force of Muscle Contraction is affected by four factors 1. n_______ of muscle fibers stimulated 2. Relative s_____ of fibers 3. f_______ of stimulation 4. d________ of muscle stretch

Answer 64

number, size, frequency, degree

Question 65

If muscles are maintained at optimal resting length, muscles c________ with greater f________

Answer 65

contract, force

Question 66

How fast they can contract = v________ How long they can continue to contract before they fatigue = d________

Answer 66

velocity, duration

Question 67

o___________ fibers = aerobic pathways glycolytic fibers = a___________ glycolysis

Answer 67

oxidative, anaerobic

Question 68

g__________ dictate individual’s percentage of slow oxidative fibers, fast oxidative fibers, or fast glycolytic fibers

Answer 68

genetics

Question 69

 s_____ oxidative fibers function in low-intensity, endurance type activities  f__________ oxidative fibers function in medium-intensity activities  Fast g__________ fibers function in short-term intense, powerful movements

Answer 69

slow, fast, glycolytic

Question 70

Muscles contract f_______ when no load is added

Answer 70

fastest

Question 71

With r____________, (military) more motor units are contracting and result in a faster and longer contraction

Answer 71

recruitment

Question 72

 a__________ Exercise leads to increased 1. Muscle capillaries 2. Number of mitochondria 3. Myoglobin synthesis *So aerobic (Endurance) Exercise results in greater 1. e_________ 2. s__________ 3. r_______ to fatigue

Answer 72

aerobic, endurance, strength, resistance

Question 73

Resistance exercise (typically anaerobic) such as weight lifting or isometric exercises leads to muscle h__________ and leads to Increased 1. m_______________ 2. Myofilaments 3. Glycogen stores 4. c___________ tissue 5. Muscle strength 6. m__________ size = muscle fiber diameter

Answer 73

hypertrophy, Mitochondria, connective, muscle

Question 74

Disuse a_________ is the d_____________ and loss of muscle mass 1. Due to i__________ 2. Due to loss of neural s____________

Answer 74

atrophy, degeneration, immobilization, stimulation

Question 75

Smooth Muscle is found in walls of most hollow organs except h______ (hollow organ)

Answer 75

heart

Question 76

Smooth Muscle in Walls of 1. r______ tract 2. d________ tract 3. u__________ tract 4. r________ tract 5. Blood Vessel - All but smallest blood vessels contain smooth muscle: capillary no smooth muscle

Answer 76

respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Question 77

*In the l____________ layer of Smooth Muscle, fibers run parallel to long axis of the organ and contraction causes the organ to shorten *In the c___________ Layer of Smooth Muscle, fibers run around circumference of the organ and contraction causes constriction of the lumen

Answer 77

Longitudinal, Circular

Question 78

peristalsis is when alternate c_______ and relaxations of the layers m___ and squeeze substances through l_________ of hollow organs

Answer 78

contractions, mix, lumen

Question 79

v______________ are bulbous swellings that store and release neurotransmitters into wide synaptic clefts (diffuse junction)

Answer 79

Varicosities

Question 80

actin attaches (directly/indirectly) to the z disc and is (thick/thin) filament

Answer 80

directly, thin

Question 81

myosin is attached (directly/indirectly) to z disc by (tritin/titin) and is the (thick/thin) filament that had (globe/globular) heads

Answer 81

indirectly, titin, thick, globular

Question 82

the ___________ _____________ surrounds the myofibrils

Answer 82

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 83

*With _________ attachments, the connective tissue wrappings extend beyond muscle as 1. If Ropelike it’s = _____ 2. If Sheet-like it’s= ______________

Answer 83

indirect, tendon, aponeuroses

Question 84

what is the name for the physiological ability to contract, even though the muscle still may be receiving stimuli and occurs when there are ionic imbalances (high levels of calcium, phosphate, and salt)

Answer 84

muscle fatigue

Question 85

which vertebral component is the largest

Answer 85

lumbar

Question 86

during a contraction what happens?

Answer 86

sarcomere shortens and actin and myosin overlap

Question 87

The end product of anaerobic respiration is (glucose and acid)

Answer 87

glycolysis and lactic acid

Question 88

the end product of aerobic respiration is

Answer 88

ATP

Question 89

direct phosphorylation produces

Answer 89

new ATP molecules

Question 90

EPOC stands for and represents what

Answer 90

Excessive PostExercise Oxygen Consumption amount of oxygen needed for aerobic activity-amount of oxygen actually used

Question 91

Fontinelles connect ______ bones

Answer 91

skull

Question 92

what is a motor unit (equation)

Answer 92

motor neuron + muscle involved

Question 93

what must be present for a sliding filament to work?

Answer 93

Ca2+ (calcium)

Question 94

parts of the pubic area

Answer 94

iliac crest, ilium, ischium