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Biology > ch 9 - The Digestive System > Flashcards

ch 9 - The Digestive System Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

part of metabolism, involves oxidation of glucose and fatty acids for energy

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2
Q

extracellular digestion

A

process by which nutrients are obtained from food, occurs in lumen of alimentary canal (which runs from mouth to anus and is sectioned off by sphincters - circular smooth muscles)

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3
Q

Digestion vs. absorption

A

digestion is breakdown of food into organic molecules; absorption is transport of products of digestion from digestive tract to circulatory system for distribution to body’s tissues and cells

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4
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown

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5
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds

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6
Q

digestive tract

A

oral cavity - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum

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7
Q

organs that assist digestion by secreting enzymes and lubricants

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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8
Q

enteric nervous system

A

collection of one hundred million neurons that govern function of the GI system; they trigger peristalsis; can function independently of brain and spinal cord but is heavily regulated by autonomic NS

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9
Q

hormones involved with feeding behavior

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin), aldosterone, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, and cholecystokinin

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10
Q

hormones that promote thirst

A

ADH and aldosterone

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11
Q

hormones that promote hunger

A

Glucagon secreted by pancreas, and ghrelin secreted by stomach and pancreas

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12
Q

hormones that promote satiety

A

leptin and cholecystokinin

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13
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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14
Q

salivary amylase

A

enzyme present in saliva that hydrolyzes starch into smaller sugars (maltose and dextrins)

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15
Q

lipase

A

enzyme present in saliva that catalyzes hydrolysis of lipids

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16
Q

three parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity), oropharynx (behind mouth), and laryngopharynx (above vocal cords)

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17
Q

control of esophagus

A

top third is skeletal muscle which means it is somatic (voluntary), the middle third is a mix of this and smooth muscle, the bottom is all smooth muscle which is under autonomic control

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18
Q

sphincter that initiates swallowing

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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19
Q

sphincter right above stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter (or cardiac sphincter)

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20
Q

capacity of stomach

A

2 L

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21
Q

four main anatomical divisions of the stomach

A

fundus and body, which contain mostly gastric glands; and antrum and pylorus, which contain mostly pyloric glands

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22
Q

rugae

A

folds of the lining of the stomach

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23
Q

gastric gland cell types

A

mucous cells (produce bicarbonate rich mucus that protects the muscular walls from strong acid pH 2 and proteolytic environment), chief cells (secrete pepsinogen), and parietal cells (secrete hydrogen ions)

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24
Q

gastric juice

A

comprised of secretions from 2 or three gastric gland cells - pepsinogen secreted by chief cells - a proteolytic enzyme (the zymogen or inactive form of pepsin), and hydrogen ions secreted by parietal cells as hydrochloric acid which cleave pepsinogen to pepsin

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25
pepsin
digests protein by cleaving peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids, resulting in short peptide fragments, activated by acidic environment
26
intrinsic factor
glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells involved in proper absorption of vit B12
27
pyloric glands
contain G-cells which secrete gastrin (a peptide hormone).
28
Gastrin
induces parietal cells in the stomach to secrete more HCl and signals the stomach to contract, mixing contents
29
chyme
digestion of solid food in stomach results in acidic, semifluid mixture
30
small intestine segments
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
31
sphincter through which food leaves the stomach and enters duodenum
pyloric sphincter
32
brush-border enzymes released in duodenum
disaccharidases (maltase, isomaltase, lactase and sucrase) and peptidases (including dipeptidase) and enteropeptidase which is involved in activation of other digestive enzymes from the accessory organ of digestion; and secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) into the bloodstream
33
brush-border enzymes
present on luminal surface of cells lining duodenum and break down dimers and trimers of biomolecules into absorbable monomers
34
disaccharidases
digest disaccharides; maltase digests maltose, isomaltase digests isomaltose, lactase digests lactose, and sucrase digests sucrose
35
peptidases
break down proteins (or peptides): aminopeptidase secreted by glands in the duodenum that removes the N-terminal amino acid from a peptide; dipeptidases cleave the peptide bonds of depeptides to release free amino acids
36
Enteropeptidase
formerly called enterokinase - enzyme critical for activation of trypsinogen (pancreatic protease) to trypsin which then initiates an activation cascade. This can also activate procarboxypeptidases A and B to their active forms
37
Secretin
an enterogastrone (hormone that slows motility through digestive tract into duodenum) peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum; regulates pH of digestive tract by reducing HCl secretion from parietal cells and increasing bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas
38
cholecystokinin (CCK)
peptide hormone secreted in response to entry to chyme into duodenum; stimulates release of bile and pancreatic juices and promotes sactiety in the brain
39
bile
fluid composed of bile salts, pigments and cholesterol
40
bile salts
derived from cholesterol. serve in mechanical digestion of fats and ultimately facilitate the chemical digestion of lipids; serve to help mechanically digest fats and eventually assist in chemical digestion of lipids
41
Pancreatic juices
mix of several enzymes in a bicarb-rich alkaline solution which helps neutralize acidic chime and provide environment for digestive enzymes which are most active around pH 8.5; it contains enzymes that digest carbs, fats, and proteins
42
accessory organ of digestion
originate as outgrowths of endoderm from the gut tube during development: pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
43
acinar cells
make up the bulk of the pancreas
44
Pancreatic amylase
breaks down large polysaccharides into small disaccharides and is therefore responsible for carb digestion
45
pancreatic peptidases
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and carboxypeptidases A and B - released in zymogen form and are responsible for protein digestion once activated
46
major and minor duodenal papillae
areas where ducts throughout the pancreas empty into the duodenum
47
bile ducts
connect the liver and small intestines and the liver and gallbladder
48
hapatic portal vein
where the liver receives all blood draining from the abdominal portion of the digestive tract where it is processed and sent to the inferior vena cava on its way to the right side of the heart
49
bilirubin
major pigment in liver bile; product of the breakdown of hemoglobin; it is conjugated (attached to protein) and excreted and if it cannot be (from liver damage, or excessive red blood cell destruction or blockage of bile ducts) jaundice occurs
50
albumin
protein that maintains plasma oncotic pressure and serves as a carrier for many drugs and hormones synthesized by the liver
51
clotting factors
proteins synthesized by the liver used for blood coagulation
52
gallbladder
located beneath liver; stores and concentrates bile; upon release of CCK, gallbladder contracts and release bile into the biliary tree
53
villi
small, fingerlike projections from epithelial lining that line the small intestine; each having many microvilli
54
lacteal
located in the middle of each villus in the small intestine; lymphatic channel that takes up fats for transport into the lymphatic system
55
fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
56
transcellular
referring to molecules travelling, across the membrane
57
paracellularly
referring to molecules travelling by squeezing between the cells
58
large intestine parts
cecum, colon and rectum
59
cecum
outpocketing in large intestine that accepts fluid exiting the small intestine through the ileocecal valve; site of attachment to the appendix
60
colon
divided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons; absorbs water and salts from undigested material left over from the small intestine and concentrates remaining material into feces
61
rectum
storage site for feces which consists of indigestible material, water, bacteria and certain digestive secretions that aren't reabsorbed, like enzymes and some bile
62
makeup of the anus
internal and external anal sphincters. internal is autonomic, external is somatic
63
enzymes produced by salivary glands
salivary amylase (ptyalin), breaks down carbs
64
enzymes produced by pancreas (acinar cells)
pancreatic amylase breaks down carbs, trypsin(ogen) breaks down proteins, lipase breaks down lipids
65
enzymes produced by intestinal glands
maltase breaks down carbs, isomaltase breaks down carbs, sucrose breaks down carbs, lactase breaks down carbs, aminopeptidase breaks down proteins
66
enzymes produced by gastric glands (chief cells)
pepsin(ogen) breaks down proteins

Biology (9 decks)

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