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Biology I > Ch. The Rest Of 3, 4, 5, & 6 Test > Flashcards

Ch. The Rest Of 3, 4, 5, & 6 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

Long-term storage of information

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2
Q

What parts of the cell contain DNA?

A

The nucleus

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3
Q

What composes proteins?

A

Polypeptides

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4
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

The bond that links amino acids together

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5
Q

What groups compose an amino acid?

A

Carboxyl, amino, side (R)

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6
Q

What is the carbon called that attaches amino acid groups together?

A

Alpha

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7
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Catalyst
Support
Coordination
Transport
Movement
Defense
Receptors

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8
Q

How many kinds of amino acids make up a protein?

A

20

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9
Q

The 20 different kinds of amino acids are different with each other through what group?

A

The side (R) group

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10
Q

Differentiate essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids

A

Essential: cells cannot synthesize
Non-essential: cells can synthesize

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11
Q

Peptide bond is formed between what groups of the participating amino acids?

A

The amino group of the first and the carboxyl group of the second amino acid

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12
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

1.) primary
2.) secondary
3.) tertiary
4.) quaternary

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13
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

It’s amino acid sequence

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14
Q

Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of _____ and _____ in the polypeptide chain.

A

Alpha helix (coil), beta pleated (pleating)

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15
Q

What bonds are responsible for the secondary structure of the protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

Tertiary structure is determined by?

A

The interactions of side chains from the polypeptide backbone

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17
Q

What bonds are responsible for the tertiary level structure of proteins?

A

Disulfide, ionic, and hydrophobic bonds

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18
Q

When does quaternary structure result?

A

When a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains.

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19
Q

What are polypeptide chains called?

A

Subunits

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20
Q

How many polypeptide chains compose collagen and hemoglobin? What are the functions of these proteins?

A

Collagen: 3, structural support
Hemoglobin: 4, transport of O2

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21
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Loss of a proteins native structure (secondary and tertiary).

Loses coiling structure (becomes linear)

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22
Q

What is renaturation?

A

Restoring a protein to its original structure.

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23
Q

If proteins are denatured, are the still biologically active?

A

No

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24
Q

What are some factors that affect the structure of proteins?

A

Change in temp or pH of the environment.

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25
Give examples of lipids.
Fats, phospholipids, steroids
26
Are lipids polymers?
No
27
Are lipids soluble in water?
No
28
What are the functions of lipids? Give examples.
Energy storage (fats) Component of cell membranes (phospholipids, steroids)
29
What makes up a fat molecule?
1 glycerol and fatty acids (hydrocarbon)
30
What is another name for fat?
Triacylglycerol
31
Differentiate saturated from unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds in hydrocarbon Unsaturated fatty acids: one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon (oil)
32
What are saturated fats made of?
No double bonds of hydrocarbons
33
Are saturated fats solid at room temperature?
Yes
34
Give an example of a saturated fat.
Butter
35
What are unsaturated fats made of?
One or more double bonds of hydrocarbon
36
Are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
Yes
37
Give examples of unsaturated fats.
Vegetable oil Plant oil Fish oil
38
What composes phospholipids?
Phosphate group Glycerol 2 fatty acids
39
What group of the phospholipids is hydrophilic?
Head
40
What group of the phospholipids is hydrophobic?
Tails
41
What is hydrophilic?
Water loving
42
What is hydrophobic?
Water fearing
43
What is one major component of the cell membrane?
Bolster of phospholipids
44
What is common among steroids?
They have a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
45
Give examples of steroids.
Cortisol Cholesterol Testosterone
46
What does the cell theory state?
All organisms are composed of one or more cells Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms All cells come from other cells
47
Who was credited for formulating the cell theory?
Theodore Schwann Matthias schleiden Rodulf virchow
48
Why is the cell small and what limits the size of the cell?
The surface area to volume ratio
49
Compare volume, surface area and surface area to volume ratio in smaller cells and bigger cells
Small cell: SA=12.57 units squared, V=4.189 units cubed, SA/V is greater Big cell: SA=1257, V=4189 units cubed, SA/V is smaller Big cell is 10 times bigger than small cell Big cells volume increases faster in volume than surface area because it is cubed
50
What is the importance of greater surface area to volume in smaller cells?
Greater surface area= Faster rate of metabolism Faster rate of transport Faster growth rate
51
What is microscopy?
The use of a microscope (light or electrons) to magnify objects
52
What is wavelength?
Increasing resolving power from A to B
53
What has greater resolving power on the white light scale?
Violet because it is 400 nm and red has 700 micro m
54
What lights are used in microscopy?
Light and electron
55
What is resolution?
Clarity of an image
56
What is resolving power?
Limit of resolution= minimum distance between two points to be viewed as separate (TWO different objects)
57
What is magnification?
Apparent increase in the size of the specimen or the object.
58
How do you determine total magnification?
Multiplying the objective lens by the ocular lens
59
What times (x) is the objective lens?
10x
60
Why do light rays bend when they travel from air to glass?
Because air is less dense than glass so there is a change in density
61
Describe how an image is produced in the compound microscope.
The image appears larger and inverted (opposite)
62
Why is the object inverted when observed under the microscope?
There is bending of light (refraction)
63
What is contrast?
The difference in light intensity or color between a specimen and its background
64
Which tail on the phospholipid is saturated and why?
The straight tail because it is linear not bent which means there are no double bonds
65
What is the limit of resolution of humans?
0.1 mm
66
What is the relationship for a better picture of resolution and a worse picture of resolution?
The smaller the number, the better the picture
67
What is a way to tell something’s limit of resolution?
If the two points are equal or greater than its limit of resolution then it is resolved
68
What has more resolution power?
Electron
69
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
70
Differentiate prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells.
Pro- DNA in the nucleiod (no nucleus) Euk- DNA in the nucleus
71
What are examples of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Pro- bacteria Euk- animals, fungi
72
Parts of a bacterial cell.
Fimbriae or pili- sometimes Nucleiod Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall- except mycoplasmas Capsule- sometimes Flagella- sometimes
73
Function of a fimbriae or pili.
For attachment
74
Function of nucleiod.
Contains genetic material (DNA)
75
Function of ribosomes.
For protein synthesis
76
Function of plasma membrane.
For ATP generation (cellular respiration) photosynthesis, transport
77
Function of the cell wall.
For protection against osmotic lysis
78
Function of a capsule.
For protection against phagocytes and for attachment
79
Function of the flagella.
For movement or motility
80
Comparison of animals vs plants.
Plants- water moving in the cell will not burst the cell, making ATP (cellular respiration) takes place in the plasma membrane Animals- water in the cell will burst the cell, making ATP takes place in the mitochondria
81
What parts are present in all animal cells and absent in plant cells?
Centrosome and lysosome
82
What parts are present in plant cells and absent in animal cells?
Central vacuoles and cell wall
83
What parts are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Ribosome and plasma membrane
84
What parts are present in both plant and animal cells?
Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi bodies Perixisomes Vesicles Mitochondria Chloroplasts Plasma membrane DNA
85
How is a cell analogous to a factory like a a chocolate factory?
Different parts of both have specific functions
86
What is the function of the nucleus?
Stores DNA (site of rRNA synthesis)
87
What structure encloses the nuclear materials?
Nuclear envelope/membrane
88
What structure regulates the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus?
Nuclear pore
89
What is the function of ribosomes?
Synthesize proteins
90
What substances compose ribosomes?
rRNA and proteins
91
What part of the cell are ribosomes located?
Cytoplasm
92
Differentiate eukaryotic ribosomes from prokaryotic ribosomes.
Pro- has free ribosomes Euk- has bounded ribosomes
93
What are the components of the endomembrane system?
1.) nuclear envelope 2.) endoplasmic reticulum 3.) lysosomes 4.) vacuoles 5.) Golgi apparatus 6.) plasma membrane
94
Describe the transport of proteins and lipids in the endomembrane system.
RER and SER—>Golgi—>plasma membrane
95
Differentiate the two kinds of ER.
Rough- has ribosomes Smooth- does not have ribosomes
96
What are the functions of smooth ER?
Makes proteins for inside the cell Distributes transport vesicles Membrane factory for the cell
97
What are the functions of rough ER?
Makes proteins to export out of the cell Synthesizes lipids and steroids Metabolizes carbohydrates Detoxifies drugs and poisons Stores calcium ions
98
What are the functions of Golgi bodies?
Modifies products of the ER Manufactures certain macro-molecules Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
99
What is cisternae?
Flattened membranous sacs like Golgi bodies
100
What are the functions of lysosomes?
Digestion of proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
101
What are vacuoles and where do they derive from?
A membrane-bounded vesicle derived from the ER and Golgi
102
What are the kinds of vacuoles?
Food Contractile Central
103
What is the food vacuole?
A vacuole that is formed from phagocytosis
104
What is the function of contractile vacuoles?
To pump excess water out of cells
105
What is the vacuole found in plants?
Central
106
What are the functions of the central vacuole?
Digestion Storage Waste disposal Water balance Cell growth Protection
107
Are fibrullae long or short?
Short
108
Is the flagellum long or short?
Long
109
What is the capsule made of and what are they protection against?
Polysaccharides and protect against WBC’s
110
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA
111
How does gene expression take place?
DNA—>mRNA—>Proteins
112
How do proteins transport?
RER—>Golgi—>plasma membrane
113
How do lipids transport?
SER—>Golgi—>plasma membrane
114
What does hydrolysis mean?
Break down
115
What is a peroxisome?
Specialized metabolic compartments
116
What are the functions of a peroxisome?
Produce catalase
117
What is the action of a catalase?
An enzyme that will break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
118
Give the functions of the plasma membrane.
Regulates transport Shape Protection
119
The plasma membrane is semi-permeable. What is meant by semi-permeable?
Some materials can pass through and some cannot (selective)
120
What macromolecules compose the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids and proteins
121
The mitochondrion has inner and outer membranes. What is the inner membrane called?
Plasma membrane
122
What are the wavy folds in the inner membrane?
Cristae
123
Why does the inner membrane have Cristae?
To increase surface area for cellular respiration
124
What are contained in the matrix of the mitochondria?
Enzymes for cellular respiration
125
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis
126
What is the green pigment in chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll
127
What are the parts of the chloroplasts?
Inner and outer membrane Thylakoid Stroma Granum
128
What are granum?
Thylakoids that are stacked together
129
What are stroma?
The liquid portion in chloroplast
130
What are the similarities of mitochondria and chloroplasts with bacteria?
They have free ribosomes and circular data They grow and produce somewhat independently in the cell
131
Discuss the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts by the endosymbiont theory?
A eukaryotic (non-photosynthetic) cell engulfs a prokaryote (photosynthetic), which then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the host eukaryote, gradually developing into a mitochondrion Eukaryotes become a mitochondria and prokaryotes become a chloroplast
132
What are cytoskeletons?
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
133
What are the functions of cytoskeletons?
Support Shape Motility
134
What are the components of the cytoskeleton and describe each?
Microtubule- largest diameter Intermediate filaments- between diameter Actin filaments- smallest diameter
135
What is a centrosome?
Short cylinders
136
What is a centrosomes functions?
In animal cells, microtubules grow out near the nucleus Participates in cell division Microtubule-organizing center
137
Where is the centrosome found and what does it have?
Found in the nuclear envelope It has a pair of centrioles
138
What is a centriole composed of?
Nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
139
What are the functions of the cell wall?
Protection Support Shape
140
What is the major composition of cell walls in plants?
Mainly cellulose
141
What is the major composition of cell walls in fungi?
Mainly chitin
142
What is the major composition of cell walls in bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
143
Name the layers of plant cell walls and describe them.
Primary wall-outer wall Secondary wall-inside primary wall Middle lamella-space in between Plasma membrane- outside cell wall
144
What are plasmodesmata?
Specialized openings in cell walls
145
What is the extracellular matrix? (ECM)
An elaborate mixture of glycoproteins secreted by animal cells into the space around them
146
What is the function of ECM?
protection
147
What is a “cell-to-cell” interaction?
Cells make contact “read” each other and react
148
What do cells use to make contact “read” each other and react?
Glycolipids and MHC proteins
149
What are glycolipids?
Most tissue-specific cell surface markers
150
What are MHC proteins?
Recognition of “self” and “non self” cells by the immune system
151
What are the three kinds of cell connections?
Adhesive junctions Septate or tight junctions Communicating junctions
152
What does the adhesive junction do?
Attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells or cells to the ECM ( includes adherents junctions and desmosomes)
153
What does the septate or tight junctions do?
Connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet (no leakage)
154
What does communicating junctions do?
Chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to another adjacent one (gap junction and plasmodesmata)
155
What bounds the cell from its surroundings?
Cell/plasma membrane
156
The plasma membrane is semi permeable. What is meant by semipermeable?
Very selective
157
What is one major function of the plasma membrane?
Regulates transport of materials?
158
Describe the structure and composition of the plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model. What composes the plasma membrane?
Composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer, with embedded proteins, cholesterol molecules, and associated carbohydrates.
159
How many layers of phospholipids are there?
2
160
Where are the proteins located?
Phospholipid bilayer
161
What are the four major components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer Transmembrane proteins Interior protein network Cell surface markers
162
What component is responsible for the semi permeability of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
163
What component is responsible for transport of substances?
Transmembrane proteins
164
What component is responsible for support?
Interior proteins
165
What component is responsible for surface markers?
Cell surface markers
166
Where does photosynthesis happen?
Stroma
167
Where does cellular respiration and photosynthesis happen?
Plasma membrane
168
Where is chlorophyll found?
Plasma membrane
169
Does non photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll?
No
170
How is d perceived in the microscope?
Upside down and backwards (inverted) (p)
171
What engulfs what in endosymbiosis?
Non photosynthetic engulfs photosynthetic
172
What type of molecule are phospholipids?
Amphiphatic
173
What is amphiphatic?
Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
174
Is the plasma membrane more fluid with saturated or unsaturated fats?
Unsaturated
175
What is a fluidity buffer?
Helps maintain consistent level of fluidity
176
What works as a fluidity buffer in the plasma membrane?
Cholesterol
177
How does the fluidity buffer work with different temps?
Higher temp (>37C)= restricts movement of phospholipids (increase fluidity) Lower temp (<37C)= prevents phospholipids from packing closely together ( decrease fluidity)
178
What are the different membrane proteins?
Transport Receptor Adhesion Recognition Enzyme Structural
179
Function of a transport protein
Move molecules across the cell membrane
180
Function of a receptor protein
Received and transmits signals
181
Function of adhesion proteins
Helps stick to each other or to ECM
182
Function of recognition proteins
Helps identify cells
183
Function of enzyme proteins
Speeds up chemical rxns
184
Function of structural proteins
Maintains shape and structure
185
Describe the movement of most phospholipids and proteins
Diffuse laterally through the membrane
186
What factor affects the state of the membranes?
Temperature
187
Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acid are ___.
More fluid
188
Membranes rich in saturated fatty acids are _____.
More rigid
189
Does passive transport or active transport require energy (ATP)?
Active
190
Does passive transport or active transport have materials move along a concentration gradient?
Passive
191
Does passive transport or active transport have materials run against the concentration gradient?
Active
192
What is passive transport?
Moves substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration No ATP
193
What is active transport?
Movement of substances from a low concentration to a high concentration Use of ATP
194
What is diffusion?
Movement of high concentration to low concentration down the concentration gradient
195
When does net diffusion stop?
When it gets to equilibrium
196
When at equilibrium, do molecules stop moving?
No
197
Is diffusion of one compound independent to diffusion of other compounds?
Yes
198
What is facilitated diffusion?
From an area of high concentration to low concentration with help of transport protein
199
Glucose enters the cells by what transport process?
Facilitated diffusion
200
What are the two types of transport proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?
Channel proteins Carrier proteins
201
Differentiate channel proteins from carrier proteins
Channel- specific Carrier- non specific
202
How are diffusion and facilitated diffusion different?
Diffusion- no transport proteins, movement of water Facilitated diffusion- transport proteins, movement of larger molecules
203
What is osmosis
Movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane into an area of higher solute concentration
204
What is the principle of osmosis?
The movement of water (dilute) to a place of higher concentration
205
What is a hypotonic solution?
Solution outside the cell is dilute compared to solution outside cell
206
Where does water move in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell
207
What happens to plant cells and RBCs in a hypotonic solution?
Plant cell- stiffens RBC- burst
208
What is a hypertonic solution?
Solution outside the cell is concentrated compared to solution inside the cell
209
Where does water move in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell
210
What happens to a plant cell and an RBC in a hypertonic solution?
Plant cell- shrink RBC- shrink
211
What is plasmolysis?
Plant cell loses water
212
What is an isotonic solution?
Solution outside the cell stays the same compared to solution inside the cell
213
What happens to the water in an isotonic solution?
Stays the same (equal)
214
What happens to the cell in an isotonic solution?
Stays the same
215
What are the carrier proteins involved in active transport?
Uniporters Symporters Antiporters
216
Uniporter?
Move one molecule at a time
217
Symporter?
Move two molecules in the same direction
218
Antiporter?
Move two molecules in the opposite direction
219
In the sodium potassium pump, what two fluids are there?
Intracellular and extracellular
220
Intracellular fluid?
Higher concentration of potassium and lower concentration of sodium
221
Extracellular fluid?
Higher concentration of sodium and lower concentration of potassium
222
Sodium ions move from?
Low to high
223
Potassium ions move from?
High to low
224
Why is ATP needed in active transport?
Provides energy to move against the concentration gradient
225
Difference between active transport and facilitated transport?
Active- uses ATP against a concentration gradient Facilitated- does not use ATP down a concentration gradient
226
Two types transport in passive transport
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion
227
Transport in active transport
Bulk transport
228
Types of bulk transport
Endocytosis Exocytosis
229
Aquaporin?
Carrier for water
230
Free water?
Not attracted to sugar
231
Bound water?
Attracted to sugar
232
Concentrated?
High sugar, low free water
233
Dilute?
Low sugar, high free water
234
Explain the application of osmosis and active transport in the life cycle of salmon.
Freshwater: water enters, does not drink, sodium and potassium are going in, urine is dilute. Saltwater: water exports, drinks, sodium and potassium are going out, urine is concentrate.
235
Endocytosis?
Movement of substances into the cell
236
Three types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis
237
Phagocytosis?
Cells take place in a particulate manner
238
Pinocytosis?
Cell takes in fluid only
239
Receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor
240
Exocytosis?
Discharge of materials out of the cell
241
Uses of Exocytosis?
Used in plants to export cell wall material Used in animals to secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes
242
Difference between endocytosis and Exocytosis?
Endo- engulfs materials Exo- exports materials
243
Thermodynamics?
Science of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy
244
First law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another
245
Second law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy
246
What is entropy?
Disorder/randomness
247
What is energy?
Ability to do work or bring about change
248
What is energy measured as?
Calories or Jules
249
Two forms of energy?
Kinetic and potential
250
Difference in kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic- energy in motion Potential- energy that matter possesses
251
Examples of kinetic energy?
Light Mechanical (motion) Electrical Thermal (heat)
252
Examples of potential energy?
Chemical energy: Food, gas, wood Gravitational energy: Energy from height above the earth
253
Light energy from the sun is transformed by plants to _____ energy.
Potential
254
When plants are eaten by animals, the chemical energy is transformed to _____ energy.
Kinetic
255
When animals walk, move or run, the chemical energy is transformed to _____ energy.
Kinetic
256
What is released to the environment when energy is transformed from one form to another?
Heat energy
257
Redox reaction?
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
258
Oxidation?
A substance loses electrons
259
Reduction?
Substance gains an electron
260
What is free energy?
Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell
261
G<0
Spontaneous Reactants have more free energy than products Downhill rxn Exergonic
262
G>0
Non spontaneous Reactants have less free energy than products Uphill rxn Endergonic
263
Difference between exergonic and endergonic
Exergonic- release of energy, breaking big molecules Endergonic- absorbs energy, building big molecules
264
What is ATP?
Adenosine tri phosphate, energy
265
Three components of ATP?
3 phosphates Ribose Adenine
266
When one phosphate of ATP is hydrolyzed, what is released?
Free energy
267
What is used to perform cellular work?
ATP
268
What are some types of cellular work?
Mechanical Chemical Transport
269
Similarities and differences of combustion and cell respiration?
Combustion- kinetic energy for movement, one time release Cell respiration- energy for cellular work, gradual release They both convert
270
What is an enzyme?
Catalyst
271
Catalyst?
Speeds up chemical rxn
272
Are enzymes very specific for the reactants (substrates)?
Yes
273
Are enzymes consumed after the rxn?
No
274
How are enzymes named?
By adding suffix “ase”
275
Active site?
Region on enzyme that substrate binds
276
Substrate?
Reactant that an enzyme acts on
277
Enzyme-substrate complex?
Complex that is formed when enzyme binds to its substrate
278
Steps of sucrose breaking down by sucrase.
1.) sugars are bonded 2.) sucrose binds to substrate 3.) binding of substrate stresses bind until it breaks 4.) products are released and enzyme can bind again
279
How does an enzyme speed up chemical rxns in a cell?
Lowering activation energy by orienting correctly and or straining bonds
280
What is activation energy?
Initial energy needed to start a chemical rxn
281
Would a catalyzed or uncatalyzed rxn occur faster and why?
Catalyzed because the activation energy is lower
282
Explain the induced fit model of enzyme in action.
The enzyme changes shape when the substrate enters it
283
Factors affecting rate of enzyme activity?
Temperature pH Concentration of enzyme Concentration of substrate
284
Effect of temp on rate of enzyme action?
When temp increases the enzyme action is faster because there are more enzymes until the optimum and past the optimum hydrogen bonds break (denature)
285
Effect of pH on rate of enzyme action?
Below or above optimum pH enzymes denature. Enzymes must stay at optimum pH.
286
Why do apples slices turn brown after being cut?
They are oxidized by oxygen and polyphenoloxidase (enzyme)
287
Coating an apple with sugar?
Oxygen is prevented therefore no browning
288
Soaking apple in pineapple or lemon juice?
Kills enzymes doesn’t brown
289
Blanching apple in boiling water?
Kills enzymes, doesn’t brown
290
What do phagocytes do in cell?
Eat or engulf
291
In cellular respiration, what is potential energy converted to?
Potential energy
292
What happens do reducing agent?
Oxidized
293
What happens to oxidizing agent?
Reduced
294
Gibbs free energy equation?
H-TS
295
Are enzymes proteins?
Yes

Biology I (4 decks)

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