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PSYO 2130 > CH1-3 > Flashcards

CH1-3 Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

Introspection

A

technique for learning about mental processes

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2
Q

Behavioursim

A

focus on observable, objective reactions to timuli in the env
contributions to modern research methods

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3
Q

Gestalt psyo

A

humans have basic tendences to organize what we see

whole is greater than the sum

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4
Q

Cog rev - 3 parts of more popularity

A

linguistics - couldn’t be explained by behaviourism
memory
dev psyo

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5
Q

Information processing approach

A

1) our mental processes are similar to computer
2) info progresses through a series of stages
atkinson schiffer

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6
Q

atkinson schiffer

A

sensory memory - ST - LT

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7
Q

cognitive neuropsyo

A

how the brain works and contribs to thinking and cognition

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8
Q

Mental chronometry

A

measurement of mental processing through reaction times and accuracies

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9
Q

computer simulation

A

model like human thinking. Same process and errors

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10
Q

AI

A

better than human thinking

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11
Q

critical assumption of cognitive neuro

A

the mind depends fundamentally on the brain so if you want to inderstand the mind you have to understand the brain.

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12
Q

Brain lesions

A

Map damage to functions

Assumes modularity, generalizability

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13
Q

Trancranial mag stim

A

hyperpolarize regions of neurons - temporary lesion - using applied magnetic force

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14
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

positrons emitted from radioactive decay
radioactive tracer goes with blood and find blood flow with the decay.
FUNCTIONAL IMAGE - not structural. Shows bloodflow correlated with activity
High spatial res
Radioactivity :(
Poor temporal res and interpertational issue of excitation/inhibition

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15
Q

FMRI

A

Like PET - no radioactivity and faster and precise

Better temporal resolution.

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16
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI

A

works on blood. Oxygenated blood has more iron and more mag properties
High spatial res, non-intrusive, humans and animals
Expensive, poor temporal
Interpretational problem: brain is active in excitation and inhibition

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17
Q

Event related potentials

A

Measure gross electrical changes when people are doing mental activities.
ELectrodes all over scalp see electrical activity in groups of neurons
Great temporal res, non-intrusive, used on infants, inexpensive
Not structural, poor spatial, only scalp activity, multi-trial filtering

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18
Q

Magneto-encephalography

A

measures the magnetic fields generated by neural activity
functional image
spatial and temporal res
direct measure of brain function, non-invasive, no applied magnetic field
magnetic fields are weak tho and dhielding can happen

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19
Q

Single cell recording

A

measuring indv neuron’s response to a stimulus
Highest spatial res, on-line measurement of behaviour so high temporal too
BUT highly invasive - surgery involved

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20
Q

The conectionist approach

A

Parallel distrib processing

argues that cog processes can be understood in terms of a network. Computer models are too simple

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21
Q

serial processing

A

one step at a time (used in computer models)

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22
Q

convergence

A

seek evidence that similar results ca be observed across different measurements of mental activity

Increases generalizability

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23
Q

Sensation vs perception

A

sensation = transformation of physical or mechanical energy into a neural signal that the brain can understand. Bottom up

Perception = the mental outcome (interpretation) of sensory transformation. Our experience and interp of a sensory experience. Depends on bottom up and top down

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24
Q

Figure-ground reversals

A

illusions where we fluctuate bt what thing we choose to be int he forground and what thing in the background

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25
Two explanations for figure ground reversals
1- neurons bcm accustomed to one way and are more likely to see the reverse 2- trying to solve visual paradox by offering two reasonable solutions
26
Distance illusions
Demonstrate top down influence on perception. Brain automatically accounts for distance and integrates that into interp
27
Colour constancy
brain automatically adjusts for effects of lighting
28
distal stimulus
the object out there in the environment
29
proximal stim
the information registored on your sensory receptors
30
iconic memory
visual sensory memory | preserves an image of visual stim for a brief period after the stim disappears
31
the primary visual cortex
in the occipital lobe | information registered on the retina makes its way there
32
Law of Pragnance
Gestalt theory We interepret stimuli in the simplest possible way Group parts so they belong together. Impart order
33
Principles of gestalt
``` proximity similarity good continuation closure common fate ```
34
illusory contours
we see edges even if they aren't visually present | represent closure in gestalt theory
35
common fate
gestalt theory | things that move together belong together
36
recognition depends on
bottom up and top down processing
37
template matching
an old theory of recognition that was debunked template stored as a model We can recognize new objects (like new penmanship) we recognize the canonical view fastest
38
canonical
the most common view of an object
39
feature analysis/detection
objects are comprised of distinct features; good for explaining reading; good neural plausibility because of cells responding to different features independently; Criticisms: too bottom-up ; items in nature have really complex features
40
recognition by components
geons make up objects feature analysis that allows us to recognize 3D objects; 1. find edges 2. examine intersections 3. compare/rotate (to our stored representation)
41
Theories of recognition (4)
Template matching Feature detection/analysis Recognition by components Conceptually driven recognition
42
view-centred approach
used in recognition by components; | we mentally rotate the object until it matches a stored representation
43
testing the recognition by components theory
we assume that intersections are more important that continuous edges; remove 65% of info in drawings from each of these and find that people can detect what the images are more often if info from the continuous lines are taken away rather than the intersections;
44
conceptually driven recognition
recognition depends on bottom-up and top-down processing; Categorization - the way we categorize info influences the speed at which we recognize things (fastest) BASIC: dog/cat SUPERORDINATE: animal SUBORDINATE: breed
45
categorization of objects
basic - dog/cat superordinate - animal suordinate - breed basic is fastest
46
word superiority effect
evidence for the role of knowledge in recognition We recognize a single letter more rapidly in a familiar words than in a string of nonsense latters Easier to recognize a word in a sentence than on its own
47
interpreting chicken scratch
people are more likely to rely on top down processing when reading penmanship and rely more heavily on bottom-up processing when printing is neat.
48
change blindness
we rely too heavily on top-down processing and fail to recognize a change in object or scene we recognize a change more readily when it is meaningful to the situation rather than subtle or random
49
intattentional blindness
when people are paying attention to some events in a scene, they pay fail to notice an unexpected but completely visible object
50
face perception depends on...
holistic processing / view faces in terms of gestalt
51
face inversion effect
we are much less proficient at processing faces that are upside down
52
face recognition brain parts
specialized cells for face recognition in the INFEROTEMPORAL CORTEX in the lower part of the TEMPORAL LOBE cells here getmost excited for whole faces. They fire less and less as pieces of the face go missing
53
Prosopagnosia
lesion in the FUSIFORM FACE AREA lose ability to recognize faces, not objects See voice, height, smile etc but not who that person is
54
face identification in schizophrenia
demonstrates an example of individual differences | more difficulty percieving faces so slower, but no less accurate
55
phoneme
basic unit of language (sound) | 40-45 in english
56
speech perception survives...
changes in: - pitch, tone - rate of prod - coarticulation
57
coarticulation
when we make a sound it is influences byt the sound before it and the sound that we know we are about to make.
58
phonemic restoration
overcoming masking by other sounds. filling in the blanks allows us to deal with sloppy pronunciation
59
word boundaries
words being spoken actually run seamlessly together but we interpret spaces speech recognition system considres different options and then immediately and effortlessly uses our knowledge about language in order to place boundaries in appropriate locations
60
influence of visual cues on speech merception
THE MCGURK EFFECT the influence of visual information on speech perception. People integrate auditory and visual information (gag vs bab) integration occurs in the superior temporal sulcus
61
the special mechanism approach
theory of speech perception humans are born with a specialized device - phonetic module - that allows us to decode speech stimuli as a result we process speech sounds more quickly and accurately than other sound stimuli doesn't fit with other types of cognition because the rest in interconnected;
62
phonetic module
the specialized device in our brain that allows us to percieve speech so well according to the special device approach
63
the general mechanism approach to understanding speech perception
we perceive speech without any special module; people use the same neural mechanisms to interpret non-speech sounds; speech uses visual cues so its perception isn't independent;
64
two reasons why speech is special
1 - it is learned by almost everyone (kids, intellectually challenged, there must be some kind of phonetic module) 2 - Categorical percpeption
65
categorical perception
speech sounds are expanded between categories and compressed within. - voice onset time - happens for colour too
66
define attention
a concentration of mental activity that allows you to take in a limited portion of informaiton available from sensory world and memory
67
selecting items for further processing involves...
filtering out distracters | resolving response conflict (choosing which notable stimuli to attend to)
68
divided attention task
hear two messages and respond to both | pace and accuracy suffer
69
task-switching
related to multitasking. It's what you're really doing. Multitasking or being continually interrputed have the same effects on performance. Go more slowly and make more errors
70
a selective attention task
requires people to pay attention to certain kinds of stimuli while ignoring other ongoing information
71
dichotic listening
they don't note much information from the side they are ignoring - not even language switches do notice when the voice switches genders
72
people are more likely to process the unattended message in dichotic listening if...
the messages are presented more slowly the task isn't challenging the meaning of the unattended message is immediately relevant if the message is split, the listener will still complete the true messge even though they were ignoring the same ear the whole time
73
the cocktail part effect
people will notice their name at a party even if they aren't paying attention to that source. you are more likely to hear your name more often if you have a smaller working memory
74
stroop task
YELLOW written in red the congruency effect when YELLOW is written in yellow (you go faster) emotional stroop task - go slower when the owrd is triggering
75
stroop task brain areas
the test activates the executive attention network (anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) these areas pop up when there is information competing for a response
76
flanker task
shows the limits in our abilities to solve conflict congruent condition: all things are doing the same thing. rxn times fast when the target is different from all of the flankers, reaction times are much slower
77
feature search
faster | easier to find positive features rather than negative features
78
conjunction search
requires serial serching. As the feild gets more cluttered it takes longer for yu to do the task
79
feature present vs feature absent
feature present is mostly bottom up and feature absent requires both / serial search
80
eye movements in reading
saccadic eye movements so that important part registered by fovea each saccade about 7-9 letters size of saccade smaller if there is a difficult word or a spelling error fixations every 2 saccades perceptual span, 4 letters to left and 15 to right less regression for good readers
81
orienting attention network
responsible for the kind of attention required for a visual search/spatial task. Parietal lobe active. left parietal lobe damage -> right unilateral spatial neglect
82
executive attention network
responsible for the kind of attention needed for tasks that focus on conflict (stroop task)/ Need to inhibit one response to produce another one. Activity in prefrontal cortex. Related to areas that are good for general intelligence. Involved in top-down control of attention
83
bottleneck theories
inaccurate. Limit on the amount of information that can get through to the brain at one time. Underestimates the flexibility of human attention.
84
feature integration theory
feature search happens without attention there is a bridge between distributed and focused attention to help us best perceive scenes.
85
distributed attentio
allowsyou to register features automatically and simultaneously using parallel distrib. Low level processing.
86
focused attention
slow, serial processing. Necessary when objects are more complex.
87
illusory conjection
an inappropriate combination of features. Shows that the visual system processes features individually (eg green M and blue U)
88
covert orienting
when your attention isn't where your eyes are pointed
89
exogenous attention
attention controlled by things out int he world (something grabs your attention)
90
endogenous attention
we decide what to pay attention to. What we want to know. Top down control. Explains why you are more likely to see something if you are expecting to see it.
91
mindless reading
wind wandering during reading. eye movements change
92
mind wandering
a shift from external env to favor internal processing
93
validity of introspection
not v good. Not a good way to research because we aren't always right about how we are thinking and we don't always know how it happened at all
94
blindsight
vision without awareness | seen inpeople with damage to visual cortex
95
overt orienting
orienting when we move our eyes | smooth pursuit / saccades
96
eye tracking
saccadic reaction time | chronometric analysis. How long it takes to initiate a saccadic eye movement
97
scene analysis
eye movements reflect the way we process things alternating saccades and fixation mapping eye movements when we look at a face motivated scan paths
98
trajectory
path of an eye movement number and duration of fixations. tells us how we process info voluntarily orienting attention
99
moving window technique
determining perceptual span

PSYO 2130 (3 decks)

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