CH7-9 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
The mental imagery debate surrounds?
A
Whether our mental images resemble perceptions (analog code) or language (propositional code)
2
Q
Pavio’s Dual Coding Theory
A
People code using Propositional and Analog coding.
3
Q
Concreteness effect
A
Two codes are better than one.
We remember concrete nouns better than abstract nouns because they can be be stored with propositional AND analog code
4
Q
Mental rotation
A
supports analog coding
Parietal lobes (responsible for visuo-spatial representations) more active with more rotation.
Elderly people perform rotation tasks more slowly (age not associated with other kinds of imagery)
5
Q
size support for analog code
A
Increased time to make decisions for ‘small’ mental images (like a mouse next to an elephant)
6
Q
distance support for analog code
experiment
A
Takes longer to make decisions about mentally distant things.
Experiment: mental island - takes longer to get to further places.
7
Q
magnitude/shape support for analog code
experiment
A
larger differences are easier to discern
clock experiment
shape differences of american states.
8
Q
Shared activation between visual perception and imagery
A
70-90% of the same brain regions activated.
Damage to visual cortex leads to parallel problems in visual perception and imagery
9
Q
Retinopy in V1
A
V1 cells involved in visual perception
Radioactive tracer injected showed topographical representation of actual image in cells of V1.
So there is a neural substrate the produce images mentally.
10
Q
fMRI of visual cortex showed (for perception/imagery)
A
signal change high in visual cortex for visual stimulus being turned on.
Nearly as much activation for imagining the same stimulus.
11
Q
patient MGS (occipital lobe excision)
A
Reduced field of view in perception and imagery
12
Q
Visuo-spatal neglect support for analog code
A
neglect in perception and when they draw from memory
13
Q
gender comparisons
A
- small differences in cog ability
- More gender differences in spatial ability. Males better at mental rotation, taken away when task explained differently
14
Q
prosopagnosia evidence for analog code
A
difficulty imagining faces too
15
Q
PPA and FFA
A
represent important places and specialize inf aces. Light up when we imagine important places and faces too!
16
Q
Evidence for propositional code
A
- not enough space for analog code
- Unable to reinterpret a mental image (embedded images)
- a strong propositional code can overwhelm a weak analog code (duck facing left)
- some patients with perception issues have fine imagery
- perception relies on bottom-up and top-down processing
17
Q
Using analog AND propositional coding
A
likely that analog code used for simple images and propositional code used for more complex images
18
Q
Demand characteristics
A
all the cues that might convey the experimenter’s hypothesis to the participant
- includes experimenter expectancy
19
Q
masking effect
A
people see/imagine better with a line on either side of the target (masking stimuli)
- disproves demand characteristic challenges of analog theory
20
Q
auditory imagery proof
A
time to travel between two different pitch longer than time to travel between two close pitches.
21
Q
spatial cognition
A
a larger topic that includes research on cognitive maps.
- Refers to a tree of cognitive activities
(1) our thoughts about cog maps
(2) how we remember the world we navigate
(3) how we keep track of objects in a spatial array
22
Q
Cognitive Maps
metacognition
A
- Large individual differences in spatial-cognition, but people are good at judging their ability to find their way
- differences related to differences in visuospatial sketchpad and spatial skills
23
Q
three geographic attributes represented by cog maps
A
1 - distance
2 - shape
3 - relative position
24
Q
mistakes made in cog maps
A
They are usually accurate but mistakes come from our tendency to see the world as more orderly than it really is and heuristics.
25
Distance estimates often distorted by (3)
The number of intervening cities
Category membership
Whether the destination is a landmark
26
border bias
people estimate that distance between locations is larger if they are separated by a geographic border
demonstrates the Same Category Heuristic
27
Landmark effect
tendency to provide shorter distance estimates when traveling TO a landmark, rather than a nonlandmark
28
90 degree angle heuristic
people tend to represent angles on mental maps as being closer to 90 degrees than they actually are
29
symmetry heuristic
We remember figures as being more symmetrical than they are in real life.
30
Rotation heuristic
we remember slightly tilted geographic structures as being more vertical or horizontal than they actually are.
Requires rotating a SINGLE coastline/country/building so that its border is oriented vertical or horizontal
- eg forgetting that some American cities are north of Canadian cities
31
Alignment Heuristic
- We remember a series of geographic structures as being arranged in a straighter line that they really are.
- Requires lining up SEVERAL separate countries/buildings/figures to be in a straight row.
32
spatial framework model
The above/below dimension is especially important for our thinking.
Front/back is moderately important and right/left is least important.
33
Situated cognition approach
We make use of helpful information in the immediate env or situation. Therefore, our knowledge depends on the context that surrounds us.
34
inference
logical interpretations and conclusions that were never part of the original stimulus
35
encyclopedic information
the kind of info you could look up.
| You lose the context of first learning, but hold onto the content.
36
Lexical knowledge
Everything we know about words and about the relationships between words
37
Conceptual knowledge
Our mental representations, or understanding of information.
eg. the concept of bachelor.
eg. a square has four sides.
38
3 types of semantic memory
encyclopedic
lexical
conceptual
39
Semantic memory
your organized knowledge about the world
divided into categories and concepts
40
category
a set of objects that belong together
41
concept
mental representation of a category
42
levels of categorization
```
basic = chair
superordinate = furniture
subordinate = lazyboy
```
43
effect of expertise on categorization
more subordinate categorization
44
neural representation of categorization
superordinate decisions have unique prefrontal activity consistent with search for semantic memory and language.
subordinate decisions include activation in occipital (visual analysis) and parietal regions (visual search)
45
prototype model for categorization
you decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing it with a prototype
46
prototype
the item that is the best, most typical example of the category
a mental abstractions based on all of your life experiences
47
Graded structure of prototype model
objects in categories differ in prototypicality.
48
Typicality effect
we are faster to name typical members of a category
49
semantic priming effect
prototypes are judged more quickly than nonprototypes after semantic priming.
see 'red' and then mudd red splotch. Will take longer agree that it is red. Negative priming
50
family resemblance
prototypical members share more features with other members in the category.
51
prototype of compassionate love
- typicality effect
Typical words for describing compassionate love had a faster response time than nontypical descriptors.
52
prototype of 'being there' for a romantic partner
Knowledge of Indicators Scale scores high for people who choose typical descriptors. People with high scores remember more details from the relationship story
53
advantages of prototype approach
- accounts for loosely structured groups of concepts
| - Can be applied to social relationships, non-social categories and inanimate objects.
54
disadvantage of prototype approach
Doesn't acknowledge that concepts can be unstable and variable based on culture and current events (911)
55
Exemplar approach
We first learn information about some specific examples of a concept; then we classify each new stimulus by deciding how closely it resembles all of those specific examples.
- like in abnormal psych
- involves common and uncommon examples
56
downside of exemplar
your memory would become overcrowded with exemplars so it is perhaps more suitable for smaller categories.
57
spreading activation model
concept stimulus activates a node that spreads activation to connected nodes
- seen in priming (nurse primes you to the word doctor)
58
Adaptive control of thought
A model that tries to account for all knowledge
All ideas can be presented propositionally.
We have a propositional network - complex
Links between nodes become stronger the more they are used
59
Proposition
the shortest possible statement that can be judged as true or false
60
Parallel Distributed processing
= connectionism, neural networks
- Knowledge isn't represented in the node, it is in the pattern of activation
- Activation weights. As we learn, these weights change.
- Excitatory or inhib activation
- Accounts for misinformation and still finding right response
- spontaneous generalization and default assignment
61
spontaneous generalization
Drawing a conclusion about a general category
| We construct a memory by connecting stored pieces
62
default assignment
drawing a conclusion about a specific member of a category by applying the spontaneous generalization
63
graceful degradation
If knowledge is in the pattern of activation, some activity can degrade over time. But we still retain our knowledge because everything else is converging and lights it up again.
Tip of the tongue phenomenon. Waiting for activation to converge on the word.
64
Schemas
Generalized knowledge
| Kind of heuristic
65
schema therapy
clinician and client explore client's core beliefs and create more helpful strategies
66
Scripts
A common kind of schema
Generalized sequence
We get discomfort when we aren't following the script.
67
Schemas + comprehension
Aid comprehension
| Figuring out what a story is about
68
Schemas + memory
We will remember schema-consistent things even if they aren't there
We don't remember small schema-inconsistent thing
We will remember notable schema-inconsistent things
69
boundary extension
We reportedly recall more info than we are actually presented with.
We understand a photo by activating perceptual schemas - includes mental representations of what is outside the boundaries of the photo.
- Important inplications for eyewitness testimony
70
abstraction
a memory process that stores the meaning of a message, rather than the exact words
gist from verbatim
71
false alarm
when people 'remember' an item that was not originally presented
- abstraction
- reflect constructive model of memory
72
constructive model of memory
- integrate info from ind instances to construct larger ideas
- Can't locate the source, just know the facts
73
Pragmatic view of memory
people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals.
- only remember verbatim for flirting, insults etc.
74
constructive and pragmatic views of memory of compatible?
Yes.
We integrate info to create schemas, but will remember verbatim when it is in our best interest (pragmatic)
75
memory integration
our background knowledge encourages us to take in new info in a schema-consistent fashion.
- remember schema-consistent details even if they weren't there
- more likely to do this if you are doing two things at once
- integrate your cultural expectations
- integrate gender stereotypes
76
gender stereotypes
gender-consistent phrases generate no ERP change. Gender-inconsistent phrases do create significant ERP changes.
people with strong gender stereotypes respond quickly when men was paired with math and slowly when it was paired with arts.
77
phoneme
smallest unit of sound
78
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning
| Some work on their own, some must be paired with other morphemes to make a word
79
syntax
word order
80
grammar
syntax + morphemes
81
semantics
from grammar comes meaning
| Did you see my keys? vs. You did see my keys.
82
pragmatics
social rules of speech.
| Your word choices and tone
83
transformational grammar
Chomsky's theory that was debunked
Surface structure deep structure
Children born with innate ability to learn to read. Language is modular
transformational rules used to change deep structure into a written/spoken surface structure
84
ambiguous sentences and surface/deep structure
Same surface structure, diff deep structure
85
Cognitive functional approach to language
Focus on the function of language in everyday life
Cognitive processes are intertwined with language skills.
We use language strategically to focus the listener's attention.
86
Affect of negatives on comprehension
slow us down and make it harder.
| Actual as well as implied negatives.
87
passive voice - comprehension
inhibits comprehension.
Different surface structure for an active voice sentence with the same deep structure.
You take the importance away from the subject.
88
Nested structure/complex syntax
embedded phrases in sentences.
| Puts huge demands on our working memory.
89
Ambiguity
| - effect on comprehension
- two possible meanings are activated and we must figure out which one to suppress
- The good enough approach
90
The good enough approach
Approach to comprehension that says we frequently process only part of a sentence.
Allows us to read quickly and supplement with top-down processing, but it sometimes trips us up.
91
neurolinguistics
study of how the brain processes language
92
aphasia
people who have difficulty communicating as a result of damage to the brain.
93
Broca's aphasia
Trouble producing language. Sometimes trouble with language comprehension possible too.
94
Wernicke's aphasia
trouble comprehending language. Garbled speech. Sometimes trouble producing language as well.
95
Hemispheric specialization in language
Left: dominant in language processing in most people.
- Speech perception, analysis, ambiguous words
Right - abstract language tasks
- Emotion, humour, metaphor, non-dominant meaning of ambiguous words
96
Graded Cognitive Task - PET
| Neurolinguistics
- subtractive technique to isolate areas of the brain involved in reading.
- occipital cortex for seeing
- temporal cortex for hearing word
- motor cortex for reading aloud
- frontal and temporal areas for word association
97
fMRI language-localizer task
compensates for the problem of ind differences in brain structure.
Left frontal lobe responds uniquely to language tasks.
Right hemisphere responds to subtle differences (A vs the)
98
The mirror system
Network of neurons in the brain's motor cortex that are activated when you watch someone perform a task.
- Similar response to doing the task yourself
- More response when you are familiar with the action.
- Involved in language comprehension
99
letter-sound correspondence
poor in english
100
dual route hypothesis
skilled readers employ direct-access and indirect-access routes
101
Direct-access route
More common for words in english that we couldn't possible sound out.
Exception words.
Reading odd words in your head doesn't interfere with correct pronunciation of normal words out loud.
102
Indirect access route
TUrn the word into internal sound before understanding.
- more common if the word has regular spelling
- Supported by word studies where we say LION-BARE are related.
