CH1 Cellular Structure and Function

Question 1

What is cell theory?

Answer 1

1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

What does MRS GREND stand for

Answer 2

Movement
Respiration
Sensitvity to stimuli
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion of wastes
Nutrition
DNA

Question 3

What do all cells consist of (at base)?

Answer 3

Cell membrane
Cytosol
Nuclear material

Question 4

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes distinguished?

Answer 4

Through the prokaryotes absence of membrane bound organelles

Question 5

What two catagories are prokaryotes divided into?

Answer 5

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 6

What are the general features of a prokaryote?

Answer 6

• Capsule — made of polysaccharides
• Cell wall — made of peptidoglycan
• Cell (plasma) membrane — controls which substances move into and out of the cell
• Large, circular DNA — free-floating in the cell
• Ribosomes — synthesise proteins
• Plasmids — smaller pieces of DNA
• Cytosol — water environs that everything floats in.

Question 7

The higher the SA:V….

Answer 7

…..the greater efficiency of two-way exchange of materials across the plasma membrane

Question 8

Why is cell size limited?

Answer 8

So the metabolic needs of a cell by its surface area

Question 9

Where are ribosomes found?

Answer 9

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 10

What are ribosomes made of?

Answer 10

rRNA and proteins

Question 11

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 11

It’s the site of protein sysnthesis using the gentic code from the nucleas

Question 12

What is the function of the nucleas?

Answer 12

It contains the cells DNA, controls the cell DNA replication, repairs genetic material and initiates gene expression

Question 13

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 13

To produce ATP (energy) through the process of cellular respiration

Question 14

What is the function of the smooth E.R.?

Answer 14

Alongside being the transport system within the cell, lipid synthesis and storage and detoxification

Question 15

What is the function of the rough E.R.?

Answer 15

Transport system and protein modification

Question 16

Function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 16

Package and export of substances out of the cell

Question 17

Function of lysosome

Answer 17

To breakdown the non-functioning cell substances and organelles

Question 18

Function of perioxisomes

Answer 18

To breakdown substances toxic to the cell

Question 19

Function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 19

Support and strength for the cell

Question 20

Where are centrioles found?

Answer 20

In eukaryotic animal cells

Question 21

Function of centrioles

Answer 21

Part of cytoskeleton and also are apart of cell division

Question 22

Where are chloroplasts found?

Answer 22

Photosynthetic eukaryotic species

Question 23

Function of cholorplasts

Answer 23

Convert energy from the sun into glucose through photosynthesis

Question 24

What’s the difference between large permanent vacuoles and small temporary ones?

Answer 24

Large permanent vacuoles: found in plants
Small temporary vacuoles: found in animals

Question 25

Where are cell walls found?

Answer 25

In most prokaryotes, and some eukaryotes

Question 26

Function of the cell wall

Answer 26

Provides strength, structure and support to the cell

Question 27

What are the four groups of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 27

Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae

Question 28

What are the two major components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 28

Phospholipid bilayer and proteins

Question 29

What does semipermeable mean?

Answer 29

Subtances that are allowed through are selectively chosen

Question 30

What are phospholipids made of?

Answer 30

Hydrophilic, polar head and hydrophobic, non-polar tail.

Question 31

What are integral proteins?

Answer 31

Proteins that are embedded within the membrane

Question 32

What are peripheral proteins?

Answer 32

Proteins that are anchored to the exterior of the plasma membrane

Question 33

What are the 6 functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 33

Transport Reception Anchorage Cell identity Intercellular joinings Enzymatic activity

Question 35

What is cholesterol?

Answer 35

A lipid that ensure the membrane remains flexible

Question 36

What molecules can pass the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 36

Small, uncharged, polar molecules and gases

Question 37

What's the difference between passive and active diffusion?

Answer 37

As molecules in active diffusion move against the concentration gradient, they require energy unlike in passive diffusion

Question 38

What is bulk transport?

Answer 38

Very large molecules that need to be transported through vesicles

Question 39

What are the three types of pasive transport

Answer 39

Facilitated Diffusion, Simple Diffusion and Osmosis

Question 40

What are the two types of active transport?

Answer 40

Bulk transport and Active transport

Question 41

What is the difference between facilitated and simple?

Answer 41

Facilitated requires the help of carrier or channel proteins

Question 42

Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

Answer 42

Isotonic: where the solute concentration is at equilibrium with that of the cells contents Hypertonic: where the solute concentration is higher than the cells contents Hypotonic: where the solute concentration is lower than the cells content All refer to the OUTSIDE of the cell (high, low and equal concentration OUTSIDE the cell) Molecules are trying to become isotonic hence they'll move to where there's less.

Question 43

What would the molecules do in an isotonic solution?

Answer 43

The same amount of water molecules would diffuse out as they would in

Question 44

What would the molecules do in an hypertonic solution?

Answer 44

There will be a net loss of water from the cells as the molecules move out in order to become isotonic

Question 45

What would the molecules do in an hypotonic solution?

Answer 45

There will be a net uptake of water from the cells as the molecules move in as to become isotonic

Question 46

What are pumps?

Answer 46

Special transport proteins embedded across the plasma membrane that carry out the process of active transport

Question 47

What is the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 47

A protein that transports sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients to maintain the differences in their concentrations inside and outside cells

Question 48

What is endocytosis?

Answer 48

The bulk transport of material into a cell

Question 49

What is exocytosis?

Answer 49

The bulk transport of material out of a cell

Question 50

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 50

The bulk movement of solid material into cells

Question 51

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 51

The bulk movement of material that is in solution being transported into cells