CH3 Functioning systems

Question 1

What are the two systems of plants?

Answer 1

An above-ground shoot system and a below ground root system

Question 2

What does the shoot system consist of?

Answer 2

Stem and leaves, reproductive organs, the flowers and fruit

Question 3

What does the root system consist of?

Answer 3

The root, lateral root and root hairs

Question 4

What two classifications are plant tissues divided into?

Answer 4

Meristematic: can multiply
Permanent: can’t multiply

Question 5

What 3 subcatagories is the permanent tissue made of?

Answer 5

Dermal, ground and vascular tissue

Question 6

What does the dermal tissue consist of?

Answer 6

Epidermis

Question 7

What two systems are plants made of?

Answer 7

• an above-ground shoot system
• a below-ground root system.

Question 8

What are the root system organs?

Answer 8

The root, lateral roots and the root hairs.

Question 9

What are the shoot system organs?

Answer 9

The stem and leaves, plus the reproductive organs, the flowers and fruit

Question 10

What two catagories is plant tissue split into?

Answer 10

Meristematic: can multiply
Permanent: can’t mulitply

Question 11

What 3 sub-sections is permanent tissue divided into?

Answer 11

Dermal, Ground, Vascular

Question 12

What is dermal tissue made of?

Answer 12

Epidermis

Question 13

What is ground tissue made of?

Answer 13

Collenchyma, Parenchyme, Scelernchyma

Question 14

What is vascular tissue made of?

Answer 14

Xylem and phloem

Question 15

Function of dermal tissue

Answer 15

Protects plants and minimizes water loss

Question 16

Function of parenchyma

Answer 16

In leaves: site of photosynthesis
In roots: stores starch or oils

Question 17

Function of Collenchyma

Answer 17

Main supporting tissue of elongating stems

Question 18

Function of Sclerenchyma

Answer 18

Confers ridgity and strength

Question 19

Function of xylem

Answer 19

Transports water and dissolved minerals

Question 20

Function of phloem

Answer 20

Transports sugars in the form of sucrose and other organic compounds

Question 21

How do plants absorb and uptake water?

Answer 21

Through the root hairs

Question 22

What are some features of trachieds?

Answer 22

• are present in all vascular plants
• are long thin tubular cells with tapered ends
• have no cell contents and so are no longer living
• have both a primary and a secondary cell wall
• have pits in their secondary cell wall enabling lateral movement of water to nearby tissues.

Question 23

What are some feature of vessels?

Answer 23

• are found only in flowering plants
• lose their cell contents and are dead
• form a continuous wide pipe-like structure by the joining of vessels end-to-end
• have perforation plates that are typically present at the junction between individual vessels in the pipe
• have both a primary and a secondary cell wall.
• The secondary cell walls are made even stronger by thick deposits of lignin that forms spirals or rings
  (figure 3.8b).
• The walls are perforated by pits — these are spots where the secondary wall of the vessel is thin or
  absent so that water can move laterally and exit the xylem.

Question 24

What is transpiration?

Answer 24

The process in which water leaves plants from their surfaces

Question 25

Where does transpiration occur?

Answer 25

Through the open stomata of the leaves

Question 26

What controls the opening and closing of the stomata?

Answer 26

The guard cells that enclose the stomatal pores

Question 27

What are the 4 major kinds of tissues?

Answer 27

Epithelial Tissues, Connective Tissues, Muscle Tissues and Nervous Tissues

Question 28

What are the organs of the digestive system?

Answer 28

Esophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, Duoendum, Liver, Intestines

Question 29

What is the major function of the digestive system?

Answer 29

Breakdown of food for absorption

Question 30

What is the GI tract?

Answer 30

The gastrointestinal tract is the whole passage from the mouth to the anus

Question 31

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Answer 31

The salivary glands, the liver, the gall bladder and the pancreas

Question 32

Where does mechanical digestion occur?

Answer 32

Begins in the mouth and continues in the stomach

Question 33

Where does chemical digestion occur?

Answer 33

Begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach and the small intestine

Question 34

Where does absorption occur?

Answer 34

Small intestine

Question 35

Where does the elimination occur?

Answer 35

Rectum and anus

Question 36

What are the four tissues that form the gut wall?

Answer 36

(innermost) Mucosa (epithelial), Sub-mucosa (connective), Muscalaris (muscle), Serosa (connective) (outermost)

Question 37

What are the three functions of the epithelial tissue?

Answer 37

Protection, secretion and absorption

Question 38

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 38

Structural support, metabolic support, remove cell waste, transportation

Question 39

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 39

Structure and mechanical digestion

Question 40

What are sphincters?

Answer 40

Thickened rings of muscle that when contracted, prevents the forward movement of food and when relaxed, allows food to move through

Question 41

Where are the 3 sphincters?

Answer 41

Junction of the stomach and duoendum, lower end of esophagus and upper region of stomach and the anus

Question 42

What is the function of the mouth in digestion?

Answer 42

Begins the mechanical digestion to increase the surface area of food that will be exposed to saliva

Question 43

What enzymes are in saliva?

Answer 43

Salivary amylase: breakdown carbs Lingual lipase: digestion of lipids

Question 44

What is the function of the esophagus in digestion?

Answer 44

To progressively move food toward the stomach through a process called peristalsis

Question 45

What do the glands in the esophagus produce?

Answer 45

A mucus that acts like a lubricant and a neutraliser of gastric acid juices

Question 46

What is the function of the stomach in digestion?

Answer 46

It actively churns its contents (form of mechincal digestion) creating a partly digested slurry of food called chyme

Question 47

What enzymes/liquids are in the stomach?

Answer 47

Mucus Hydrocholric Acid Pepsinogen Gastric Lipase

Question 48

What is the function of the liver in digestion?

Answer 48

To produce bile and process nutrients absorbed from the small intestine

Question 49

What is the purpose of bile?

Answer 49

The bile salts are emulsifying agents that disperse fats into smaller particles

Question 50

What enzymes are in pancreatic fluid?

Answer 50

lipase, amylase and inactive proteases

Question 51

What 3 parts make up the small intestine?

Answer 51

Duoendum, Ileum, Jejunum

Question 52

What is the function of the small intestine?

Answer 52

The final stage of digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 53

What are the four parts of the large intestine?

Answer 53

Caecum, colon, rectum and anus

Question 54

What is the function of the large intestine?

Answer 54

Reabsorption of water, formation and storage of faeces and maintainence of gut bacteria

Question 55

What is the purpose of the endocrine system?

Answer 55

To deliver chemical messages through hormones in the bloodstream to target tissues

Question 56

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 56

Regulate bodily functions

Question 57

How do cells ensure they're recieving the correct hormones?

Answer 57

Target cells have specific receptors for their respective hormones to receive and respond to messages

Question 58

What structure produced the various hormones that target the anti-pituitary gland?

Answer 58

The hypothalamus

Question 59

What two parts is the posterior pituitary gland made of?

Answer 59

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

Question 60

What two cells does the gladular tissue of the anterior pituitary gland contain?

Answer 60

Acidophil and basophil which release various stimulating hormones that target other endocrine glands