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AP Human Geography > Ch.1: Thinking Geographically > Flashcards

Ch.1: Thinking Geographically Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

What is ABSOLUTE DISTANCE?

A

A distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or kilometer.

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2
Q

What is ABSOLUTE LOCATION?

A

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.

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3
Q

What is ACCESSIBILITY?

A

The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place.

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4
Q

What does AGGREGATION mean?

A

To come together into a mass, sum, or whole.

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5
Q

What is AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION?

A

A map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface.

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6
Q

What is BREAKING POINT?

A

The outer edge of a city’s sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city’s hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supplies.

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7
Q

What are CARTOGRAMS?

A

A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area.

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8
Q

What is CARTOGRAPHY?

A

The theory and practice of making visual representations of Earth’s surface in the form of maps.

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9
Q

What is a CHOROPLETH MAP?

A

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

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10
Q

What is a COGNITIVE MAP?

A

An image of a portion of Earth’s surface that an individual creates in his or her mind.

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11
Q

What is COMPLEMENTARITY?

A

The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.

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12
Q

What does CONNECTIVITY refer to?

A

The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places.

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13
Q

What is CONTAGIOUS DIFFUSION?

A

The spread of a disease, an innovation, or cultural traits through direct contact with another person or another place.

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14
Q

What is a COORDINATE SYSTEM?

A

A standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude, used to determine the absolute location of any object, place, or feature on Earth’s surface.

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15
Q

What is CULTURAL ECOLOGY?

A

The study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments in which they live.

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16
Q

What is a CULTURAL LANDSCAPE?

A

The human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a particular culture or society.

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17
Q

What is the DISTANCE DECAY EFFECT?

A

The decrease in interaction between two phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases.

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18
Q

What are DOT MAPS?

A

Thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents, or births.

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19
Q

What is ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY?

A

The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa.

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20
Q

What is EXPANSION DIFFUSION?

A

The spread of ideas, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange.

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21
Q

What is a FORMAL REGION?

A

Definition of regions based on common themes such as similarities in language, climate, land use, etc.

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22
Q

What is the FRICTION OF DISTANCE?

A

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places.

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23
Q

What is FULLER PROJECTION?

A

A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions no longer have any meaning.

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24
Q

What is a FUNCTIONAL REGION?

A

Definition of regions based on common interaction (or function) - for example, a boundary line drawn around the circulation of a particular newspaper.

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25
What are GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)?
A set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze, and display geographic data.
26
What is GEOGRAPHIC SCALE?
The scale at which a geographer analyzes geographic phenomena—for example global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc.
27
What is the Global Positioning System (GPS)?
A set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on Earth's surface with a portable electronic device.
28
What is the Gravity Model?
A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.
29
What is Hierarchical Diffusion?
A type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places because of a physical or cultural community between those places.
30
What is Human Geography?
The study of the spatial variation in the patterns and processes related to human activity.
31
What is the International Date Line?
The line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian.
32
What is an Intervening Opportunity?
If one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, the supplier closer to the buyer will represent an intervening opportunity, blocking the third from sharing its supply.
33
What is an Isoline?
A map line that connects points of equal or very similar values.
34
What is Large Scale in mapping?
A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. Large-scale maps usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small-scale maps.
35
What is Latitude?
The angular distance north or south of the equator, defined by lines of latitude or parallels.
36
What is the Law of Retail Gravitation?
A law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business since larger cities have a wider influence on the surrounding hinterlands.
37
What is a Location Chart?
On a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical information about a particular political unit or jurisdiction.
38
What is Longitude?
The angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, defined by lines of longitude, or meridians.
39
What is a Map Projection?
A mathematical method that involves transferring Earth's sphere onto a flat surface. All map projections have distortions in area, direction, distance, or shape.
40
What is Map Scale?
The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on Earth's surface.
41
What is the Mercator Projection?
A true conformal cylindrical map projection, particularly useful for navigation since it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized.
42
What is a Meridian?
A line of longitude that runs north-south. All lines of longitude are equal in length and intersect at the poles.
43
What is a Natural Landscape?
The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities.
44
What is Nature-Society Geography?
The study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments in which they live.
45
What is a Parallel?
An east-west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and marks distance north or south of the equator.
46
Who is W. D. Pattison?
A geographer who claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth science tradition, the culture-environment tradition, the locational tradition, and the area-analysis tradition.
47
What is a Perceptual Region?
A highly individualized definition of regions based on perceived commonalities in culture and landscape.
48
What is the Peters Projection?
An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.
49
What is Physical Geography?
The realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and changes through time of the natural phenomena of Earth's surface.
50
What is a Preference Map?
A map that displays individual preferences for certain places.
51
What is the Prime Meridian?
An imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, that marks the 0° line of longitude.
52
What is Projection in geography?
The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
53
What is a Proportional Symbols Map?
A thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol, such as a circle or triangle, indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographic region.
54
Who is Ptolemy?
A Roman geographer-astronomer, author of Guide to Geography, which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.
55
What is Qualitative Data?
Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives.
56
What is Quantitative Data?
Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association.
57
What is a Reference Map?
A map type that shows reference information for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation.
58
What is a Region?
A territory that encompasses many places that share similar physical and/or cultural attributes.
59
What is Regional Geography?
The study of geographic regions.
60
What is Relative Distance?
A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places.
61
What is Relative Location?
The position of a place relative to the places around it.
62
What is Relocation Diffusion?
The diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, and so on from one place to another through migration.
63
What is Remote Sensing?
The observation and mathematical measurement of Earth's surface using aircraft and satellites.
64
What is Resolution in mapping?
A map's smallest discernable unit.
65
What is the Robinson Projection?
A projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors.
66
Who is Carl Sauer?
A geographer from the University of California at Berkeley who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.
67
What is Scale of Analysis?
The geographic unit at which one investigates various patterns or processes.
68
What is Sense of Place?
Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place.
69
What is Site in geography?
The absolute location of a place, described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics.
70
What is Situation in geography?
The relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area.
71
What is Small Scale in mapping?
A map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on Earth is quite small.
72
What is Spatial Diffusion?
The ways in which phenomena, such as technological innovations, cultural trends, or even outbreaks of disease, travel over space.
73
What is Spatial Perspective?
An intellectual framework that looks at the particular locations of a specific phenomenon.
74
What is Sustainability?
The concept of using Earth's resources in such a way that they provide for people’s needs in the present without diminishing Earth’s ability to provide for future generations.
75
What are thematic layers?
Individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in a Geographic Information System to understand and analyze a spatial relationship.
76
What is a thematic map?
A type of map that displays one or more variables—such as population or income level—within a specific area.
77
What is time-space convergence?
The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places.
78
What are topographic maps?
Maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations. If you took a topographic map out into the field and walked along the path of an isoline on your map, you would always stay at the same elevation.
79
What is transferability?
The costs involved in moving from one place to another.
80
What is visualization?
Use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are two-dimensional or interactive.

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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