CH11

Question 1

ERP waveform

Answer 1

excellent temporal resolution, identify temporal sequence of cognitive processing.

Question 2

fMRI

Answer 2

excellent spatial resolution, identify areas.

Question 3

ERP

Answer 3

the electrical activity produced by one or more local groups of aligned pyramidal neurons firing in
synchrony

Question 4

fMRI:

Answer 4

changes in regional cerebral blood flow, sending radio
frequency signals through head coil. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast signal. Blood
carrying oxygen-laden hemoglobin flows to the active regions to meet metabolic needs of the neurons.
Rise in BOLD signal occurs too slowly (temporal resolution).

Question 5

Channel

Answer 5

distinguishing feature of stimuli used (s.a. ear)

Question 6

Oddball

Answer 6

distinctive or deviant stimulus.

Question 7

Preattentive

Answer 7

cognitive processes without effort and focal attention. Ability to detect a change
preattentively would appear necessary for the very purpose of soliciting our attention

Question 8

. Mismatch negativity (MMN)

Answer 8

brain’s response to mismatch
in the perceptual context established by standard. Can occur in absence of attention. MMN grows with physical difference between standard and oddball.

Question 9

Involuntary orienting

Answer 9

Deviant oddball has attracted the observer’s attention, producing ERP component called P3a,
orientation.

Question 10

Neural generators of change detection

Answer 10

Event related: separate functional scan of the BOLD response for each of the signals. fMRI:
mismatch → superior temporal gyrus. Medium and large oddballs in right prefrontal cortex, draw
attention to themselves.

Question 11

The dual-channel oddball task

Answer 11

Oddball in attended channel is target, in unattended channel are distractors. Study the cognitive
processing of unattended stimuli.

Question 12

Channel separation

Hillyard

Answer 12

pay attention to and detect targets in one ear. Compare paying attention to them versus
ignoring them. Measure channel separation: time at which physiological processing in the attended
channel diverged electrically from processing in the unattended channel. Whether selection occurs
early or late.

Question 13

channel separation

Answer 13

time at which physiological processing in the attended
channel diverged electrically from processing in the unattended channel. Whether selection occurs
early or late.

Question 14

Effects of prefrontal damage on channel separation

Answer 14

All about dorsolateral PFC. Weaker channel separation. Implies that control of selective attention is lateralized in the frontal lobe in favor of the larger right prefrontal cortex. Lesions sparked disinhibition of distractors. Dorsolateral PFC concerned primarily with modulating perceptual
responses, rather than perceptual coding.

Question 15

Prefrontal control of selection duality

Answer 15

Excitatory control of targets and inhibitory control of distractors. More interference from distracting
tones. Enhanced electrical activation of distracting tones 20-40 ms after stimulus onset, reduced N1
component to targets

Question 16

Role of prefrontal cortex in attention disorders

Answer 16

Elderly and ADHD, dramatically reduced levels of channel separation, abnormal prefrontal
development.

Question 17

The anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 17

Differences in BOLD signal represented increased hemodynamic activation to incongruent stimuli.

Question 18

prosopagnosia

Answer 18

Prosopagnosia of gezichtsblindheid is een specifieke vorm van agnosie. Personen die lijden aan deze aandoening, hebben problemen bij het herkennen van gezichten, soms zelfs hun eigen gezicht in de spiegel. Hun gezichtsvermogen is intact en ze hebben in principe geen problemen om voorwerpen of vormen te herkennen.

Question 19

Parahippocampal gyrus function

Answer 19

for spatial layouts and
houses. Whether focussing on motion also activated the object-selective extrastriate areas. BOLD signal greater in those areas related to the object (face/house) depending on what moved. Attention can modulate areas that code complex, higher-order representations of stimuli.

Question 20

Unilateral neglect

Answer 20

ignore stimuli in contralesional visual field, most common is left-side neglect.