CH1.1 Formulae and equations + CH1.2 Basic ideas about atoms

Question 1

oxidation number

Answer 1

is the number of electrons that need to be added to (or taken away from) and element to mae it neutral

Question 2

which elements exsist as diatomic elements

Answer 2

Iodine, Bromine, Chlorine, Fluorine, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen
In Brave Circomstance Flamingos Overcome Natural Histerics

Question 3

elements

Answer 3

substance which can not be split inot anything simpler by chemical means

Question 4

atom

Answer 4

smallest part in a element that can tak part in a reaction

Question 5

molecules

Answer 5

combination of 2 or more elements

Question 6

ion

Answer 6

electrically cahrged atom or molecule

Question 7

a positive ion is called a …

a negative ion is called a …

Answer 7

cation

anion

Question 8

valency

Answer 8

a numerical measure of the combination power of an atom/ion

Question 9

meaning of OILRIG

Answer 9

Oxidation is loss (of electrons) Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)

Question 10

standard oxidation state of hydrogen

Answer 10

+1

Question 11

standard oxidation state of oxygen

Answer 11

-2

Question 12

standard oxidation state of fluorine

Answer 12

-1

Question 13

when is the oxidation state of hydrogen not the standard value and what is the new value

Answer 13

-1 in hydride ions (NaH-)

Question 14

when is the oxidation state of oxygen not the standard value and what is the new value

Answer 14

-1 in hydrogen peroxide H2O2

+2 in F2O

Question 15

realtive atomic mass

Answer 15

the mass of an atom relative to the carbon-12 isotope having a value of 12

Question 16

isotope

Answer 16

atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number

Question 17

mass spec peacks give what and the peak intensity gives what

Answer 17

the atomic mass and the intensity gives the realtive abundance

Question 18

what is relevent to know when caluclating thigns to do with the mass spec

Answer 18

the largest abundance is scaled up to 100% and everything else is scalled arcordingly

Question 19

orbital

Answer 19

a region in space where on is likely to find an electron, each can hold up to 2 electrons with opposite spin

Question 20

ionisation energy

Answer 20

measure of the amount of energy required to remove electrons from an atom

Question 21

what is ionisation energy effected by

Answer 21

distance from nucleus

effetive nuclear charge of atom

Question 22

1st ionisation energy

Answer 22

the energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from one mole of isolated gaseous atoms to orm 1 mole of gaseous positive ions

Question 23

redox

Answer 23

when reduction and oxidation takes place within a reaction

Question 24

oxidation

Answer 24

removal of electrons

Question 25

reduction

Answer 25

gain of electrons

Question 26

rules of solubility (allways soluble)

Answer 26

NAG SAG Nitrates (NO3-) Acetates (C2H3O2-) Group 1 (Li+..) Sulfates (So4 2-) Ammonium (NH4+) Group 7 (F- ...)

Question 27

Exceptions to the solubility rules (Never soluble together)

Answer 27

PMS (never souble with sulfates and group7) Pb (lead), Mercury (Hg), Silver (Ag) ``` CaStro Bear (never soluble with group 7) Ca(2+) Sr (+2) Ba (+2) ```

Question 28

atomic number =

Answer 28

number of protons

Question 29

mass number =

Answer 29

protons + neutrons

Question 30

why do things become Radiacativity

Answer 30

because the neutron proton ratio is to big to keep the atom stable

Question 31

alpha particle emission

Answer 31

2 neutrons and 2 protons (-4 from today -2 thebottom number)

Question 32

Beta particel emission

Answer 32

fast moving electron (+1 to atomic number)

Question 33

gamma particle emission

Answer 33

high energy electromagnetic radiation (no charnge to numbers of elements)

Question 34

positron

Answer 34

positive electron, antiparticle of a electron, decay of a proton into a neutron and a electron

Question 35

electron capture

Answer 35

electron from inner energy level captured by neuleus. combines with a proton and makes a neutron

Question 36

alpha beta and gamma in a magnetic field

Answer 36

alpha - deflected beta - defelcted gamma - no deflection

Question 37

alpha beta and gamma in electric field

Answer 37

alpha attracted to -iv plate beta attracted to +iv plate gamma no effect

Question 38

what is alpha stoped by

Answer 38

piece of paper

Question 39

what is beta stopped by

Answer 39

0.5 cm of metal

Question 40

what is gamma stopped by

Answer 40

2cm of lead

Question 41

half life

Answer 41

time taken for half the atom in a radioscope to decay

Question 42

radioactive isositive used in medicine (2) and what for

Answer 42

cobalt-60 : in radiotherapy for cancer. (gamma) | Technetium-99m : medical radioistope

Question 43

what is used in food and what does it do (radioactive)

Answer 43

gamma is used to kill microbes in food

Question 44

carbon dating two examples

Answer 44

carbon-12 ; used to calculate the age of plants and animals remains. potassium-40 : used to estimate the geological age of rocks.

Question 45

what is a non medical industrial use of radioactive isotope

Answer 45

measuring the thickness of metals

Question 46

factors effecting the energy of an electron in an atom

Answer 46

screening attraction by the nucleus, greater force if... -nuclear charge is greate -distance of electron from nucleus is less

Question 47

ionsisation energies

Answer 47

how much energy it takes to remove the weakest held electron from a atom i its gaseous state

Question 48

what have ionisation energy's given evidence of

Answer 48

sub levels and electron levels

Question 49

successive ionisation energies

Answer 49

meaures of the enrgy required to remove each electron untill all have been removed from a atom

Question 50

two equations needed when looking at emission and absorbstion spectrum

Answer 50

c=f(wavelength) E=hf h= planck's constant c= speed f=frequency E=energy

Question 51

absorption spectra

Answer 51

dark lines on bright background

Question 52

absorption spectrum exsplaines

Answer 52

Electrons move from lower to higher energy lever due to a white light shined through vapour of an element, certain wavelengths will be absorbed by the atom and removed from the lightlooking though the spectrometer, black lines will appear on the spectrum where light of some wavelengths has been absorbed.

Question 53

emission spectrum colours

Answer 53

number of coloured lines on a black background

Question 54

emission spectrum exsplained

Answer 54

atoms are given energy by heating or by an electric field. electrons are excited and the additional energy promotes them up a energy level. When the source of energy is removed the electrons falls back down a energy level relasing a photon of energy. The photon has a certain frequency

Question 55

what section of electromagnetic spectum is balmer series found

Answer 55

visible ligh

Question 56

what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is pachen

Answer 56

infared

Question 57

what section of the electromagnetic sectrum is lyman found

Answer 57

ultra violet

Question 58

link all the the hydrogen spectrum and electromagnetic series

Answer 58

Paschen - infared Balmer - Visible light Lyman - Ultra violet

Question 59

wich spectrum is due to electrons returning to the sub shell's respectively n=1 , n=2 and n=3

Answer 59

Lyman Balmer paschen

Question 60

hydrgoen spectrum exsplained

Answer 60

frequency lines get closer together as you go higher, this is untill they converge to a limit this is the poit where the energy is no longer quantum. the atom has becomed ionised