Ch12

Question 1

Patient Elliot had a tumor in what brain part and surgery effected what?

Answer 1

Orbitofrontal cortex
Lost emotions and couldn’t make decisions

Question 2

Judgement, what it is?
Vs.

Answer 2

The process through which people draw conclusions from evidence they have encountered
Vs what they’ve heard or what they want.

Question 3

Frequency estimate
What it is.
First step in many what’s?

Answer 3

An assessment of how often various events have occurred in the past
Judgements

Question 4

We often do not have access to frequency info so we use this instead?

Answer 4

Attribute substitution

Question 5

Attribute Substitution, what it is?
+ ex

Answer 5

Strategy where a person relies on easily assessed info as a proxy for needed info
Remembering traffic on the route you chose not to take to work but not on the route you decided to take

Question 6

Availability Heuristic, what it is?
Relying on availability over what, to judge what?
Use if you want to do what?

Answer 6

Looks at info that comes readily to mind
Frequency, Frequency
Judge the frequency of an occurrence in the world

Question 7

Availability heuristic works because?
And doesn’t work because?

Answer 7

Events that are frequent are easy to remember
Many factors other than frequency may effect memory

Question 8

Representative Heuristic, Relies on what?
What question does it ask?
What does it assume?
Works because?
Doesn’t work because?

Answer 8

Reliance on something known or experienced
How much is this thing like the other thing?
Assumes that resemblance to the prototype reflects probability
Because of homogeny in categories
Because many category members are not homogeneous

Question 9

Affect Heuristic, What it asks?
When you use it?
Works because?
Doesn’t work because?

Answer 9

How does thinking about an outcome make you feel?
When you want to potential risks and benefits to an outcome
Substantial dangers are frightening while positive outcomes make you feel good.
Emotion is often connected to factors outside of the likelihood of an outcome

Question 10

Effort Heuristic, what does it ask?
Use when?
Works because?
Doesn’t work because

Answer 10

How much effort do you have to sped to gain an outcome?
You want to know an estimate of value
Often takes more work to obtain things higher in value
Often value is independent of effort

Question 11

Heuristic to use when you want to know estimates of value

Answer 11

Effort Heuristic

Question 12

Heuristic to use when you want to know potential risks and gains of an outcome

Answer 12

Affect Heuristic

Question 13

Heuristic to use when you want to judge the probability that an event or thing is in a certain category or has certain properties

Answer 13

Representative Heuristic

Question 14

Heuristic to use when You want to judge the frequency of an occourance

Answer 14

Availability Heuristic

Question 15

Use this heuristic to obtain a frequency estimate

Answer 15

Availability Heuristic

Question 16

A strategy relying on easily assessed info as a proxy for needed info

Answer 16

Attribute substitution

Question 17

Heuristics, what it is

Answer 17

Efficient strategies that usually lead to the correct answer

Question 18

What is the source of efficiency for Availability and representativeness heuristics

Answer 18

Availability and resemblance are easy to assess

Question 19

Why are rare events skewing for availability heuristic

Answer 19

Rare events are more likely to be well recorded in memory, thus more available than common events

Question 20

Assumption of homogeny, what it is?
What heuristic does it play into

Answer 20

An expectation that each individual is representative of the category overall
Representativeness heuristic

Question 21

“Person who” arguments are a failure of what heuristic?
And assumes what?

Answer 21

Representativeness Heuristic
Assumes the category will resemble the instance not vice versa

Question 22

gamblers fallacy is an assumption of what?

Answer 22

Assumption of category homogeny

Question 23

X and Y covary if…

Answer 23

The presence or magnitude of X can be predicted by the presence or magnitude of Y

Question 24

What do you need to consider when checking on a belief about cause and effect
Ex

Answer 24

Covariation
When you eat a good breakfast do you feel better?

Question 25

Confirmation bias, what it is? What does it distort?

Answer 25

The tendency to be more responsive to evidence that confirms one’s beliefs than evidence that challenges them Assessments of covariation

Question 26

When people try to do what, they come to the correct hypothesis more quickly?

Answer 26

Challenge their old hypothesis

Question 27

Base rate info, what it is? Neglecting this can lead to?

Answer 27

Information about how frequently a thing generally occurs Inaccurate info about covariation

Question 28

The control in an experiment is also called

Answer 28

Base rate info

Question 29

What kind of info interferes with people using base rate info and what is it This is partly a consequence of what? Why? And is connected with what heuristic?

Answer 29

Diagnostic info - info about a particular case Attribute substitution Because people turn the question of category membership into a question of resemblance Representativeness Heuristic

Question 30

Representativeness Heuristic contributes to

Answer 30

Base rate neglect

Question 31

Type 1 and Type 2 ways of thinking, what are they? Which is more likely to be correct?

Answer 31

T1: Fast, automatic thinking “heuristic” T2: Slower, more effort full thinking “normative” T2

Question 32

When you should use Type 1 thinking?

Answer 32

Use if you are under time pressure or distracted

Question 33

When do you use Type 2 thinking? The problem?

Answer 33

Use if you have attention you can focus on judgement Doesn’t always happen, you need the right circumstances and needs to be triggered by certain cues

Question 34

Base rate neglect is less likely for what numbers

Answer 34

Less likely for frequencies than probabilities (12 out of 1000 vs 1.2% or .012)

Question 35

In response to random chance within a problem, people tend to use more Type # judgements. Why?

Answer 35

Type 1 They realize that the example, or evidence might be just a fluke or accident

Question 36

Cognitive reflection test

Answer 36

Measure of a person’s ability to resist an obvious answer and question why that answer might be wrong

Question 37

People with high scores on cognitive reflection tests also show what characteristics? 3

Answer 37

Better able to avoid mistakes in thinking have better scientific understanding More analytic in moral decisions

Question 38

Induction and Deduction reasoning What they is? How well do they contribute to reasoning

Answer 38

IR: Processes through which you forecast about new cases based on observed cases Can contribute to correct or incorrect reasoning DR: Processes through which you start with the “givens” and ask what follow from that premises Keeps beliefs grounded in reality

Question 39

Belief Preserverence

Answer 39

Tendency to continue endorsing a belief even when disconfirming evidence is undeniable

Question 40

What tendency represents a failure in logic?

Answer 40

Confirmation bias

Question 41

Belief perseverance interacts with what in the suicide note experiment to effect results

Answer 41

Confirmation bias

Question 42

Categorical Syllogisms What it is?

Answer 42

Logical arguments that begin with two assertions (the problem’s premises) each containing a statement about a category - Can then be completed with a conclusion that may or may not follow the premises

Question 43

Example of a premise in categorical syllogism And Conclusion

Answer 43

All M are B All D are M Therefore all D are B

Question 44

Ex of an invalid syllogism

Answer 44

All P are M All S are M Therefore all P are S

Question 45

people do well or poorly with syllogisms? Why?

Answer 45

Poorly, 70-90% wrong Because their strategies aren’t based in logic

Question 46

Belief Bias, what is it?

Answer 46

If a syllogism’s conclusion happens to be something that people believe to be true anyhow, they’re likely to judge the conclusion as following logically from the premises- and - If the conclusion happens to be something they believe to be false, they’re likely to reject the conclusion as invalid

Question 47

Conditional statement

Answer 47

If X then Y

Question 48

What is the condition in a conditional statement?

Answer 48

If X then Y X is the condition

Question 49

Choices are made with these two things in mind

Answer 49

Maximizing value and fitting with our goals

Question 50

Utility Maximization, what is? To do this you balance what?

Answer 50

Choosing the option with the greatest expected value Cost and Benifit

Question 51

Risk seeking does what?

Answer 51

Seeks to avoid losses

Question 52

If a phrase casts the choice in terms of losses, person does what? This is called what?

Answer 52

More likely to gamble, especially for large losses. Risk seeking

Question 53

Risk aversion is done for what purpose?

Answer 53

To guarantee gains

Question 54

If frame casts choice in terms of gains what happens?

Answer 54

Person is likely not to gamble

Question 55

Two types of framing

Answer 55

Risk seeking and Risk aversion

Question 56

Endowment Effect

Answer 56

When a person values a thing in their possession to be worth more than a thing not in their possession and they are considering buying it

Question 57

Reason Based Choice

Answer 57

Our goal is to make decisions that we feel good about because we feel they are reasonable and justified

Question 58

Framing can be used to steer decider towards particular what’s? As seen in what experiment?

Answer 58

Justifications Child custody experiment

Question 59

If decision making isn’t based on utility maximization then it could be based on

Answer 59

Reason-based choice

Question 60

People’s decisions are powerfully based on these two

Answer 60

Emotions and memories

Question 61

What do people use to assess risk?

Answer 61

Somatic markers

Question 62

Somatic markers are? And are used for what

Answer 62

Gut feelings To evaluate your options

Question 63

What brain part is essential for the evaluation of somatic markers?

Answer 63

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 64

Affective forecasting

Answer 64

Your predictions about your future emotions

Question 65

People usually do what in affective forecasting This is because? 2

Answer 65

Predict correctly that they’ll feel good or bad but over estimate how god or bad and for how long Underestimate ability to adjust to changes in fortune and find excuses and rationalizations for their mistakes

Question 66

People do what when making predictions about current emotions Which means

Answer 66

Overestimate how long they will last We get used to stuff

Question 67

Paradox of choice

Answer 67

We like to have choices but too many of them makes us unhappy