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Anatomy and Physiology I > Ch.12 > Flashcards

Ch.12 Flashcards

1
Q

x

Cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain
  • Majority of brain mass (83%)
  • Superficial gray matter - cerebral cortex
  • deeper white matter: tracts
  • deepest gray matter are the cerebral nuclei
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2
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • cauliflower shape
  • Two hemispheres connected by vermis
  • white matter on cerebellum forms the arbor vitae
    – Sits in posterior cranial fossa
    – Each hemisphere has anterior, posterior and flocculonodular region
    – It receives input from the motor cortex, sensory receptors, proprioceptors (stretch), and brain stem
    – Functions to coordinate skeletal muscle movement, maintains posture and balance
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3
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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4
Q

Brain stem

A
  • continuous with the spinal cord
  • Consists of medulla, pons, and midbrain
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5
Q

Brain Anatomy

A

deep gray matter (neuron cell bodies) –> white matter (myelinated fiber tracts) –> superficial gray matter

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6
Q

Ventricles

A
  • Fluid (CSF) fills these spaces in brain, all connected to each other and to central canal of spinal cord
    1. Lateral ventricles
  • Pockets into the cerebral hemispheres
    2. Third ventricle
  • Narrow canal through the diencephalons
    3. Fourth ventricle
  • Canal under brain stem
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7
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A
  • Colorless liquid: circulates through the subarachnoid space of the brain, spinal cord, ventricles , central canal of cord
  • Function: cushion brain and cord, provide buoyancy, circulates nutrients for optimal neuron functioning and eliminates waste products
  • Made by ependymal cells of choroid plexus located in each ventricles.
  • returned to circulatory system (dural sinuses) by the arachoid villi
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8
Q

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A
  • Endothelial cells have tight junctions, thick basement membranes - form a seal so only selected substances enter the brain
  • Barrier is ineffective against fats, fatty acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide. Nicotine, alcohol, and anesthetics affect the brain as they are fat soluble
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9
Q

Cortex

A
  • Responsible for higher thinking
  • Has Sensory, Motor, and Multimodal Association areas
  • Within these areas there is regional dedication
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10
Q

Primary motor (somatic) cortex

Motor

A
  • Allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
  • Large pyramidal neurons form pyramidal tracts (corticospinal)
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11
Q

Premotor cortex

Motor

A

Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills ex musical instrument

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12
Q

Broca’s area

Motor

A
  • Speech area that directs muscles of the tongue
  • Usually only on left side.
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13
Q

Frontal Eye Field

Motor

A

Controls voluntary eye movement

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14
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

Sensory

A

Receives info from skin and skeletal muscles; exhibits spatial discrimination

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15
Q

Somatosensory association cortex

Sensory

A
  • comprehensive understanding of stimulus
  • Determines size, texture, and relationship
  • Ex: recognition of contents of pocket
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16
Q

Visual areas

Sensory

A

Receives visual information from retinas & interprets (color, form, movement)

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17
Q

Auditory areas

Sensory

A

Receives information related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness

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18
Q

Olfactory cortex

Sensory

A

Conscious awareness of odors
involved in smell

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19
Q

Gustatory cortex

Sensory

A

involved in taste

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20
Q

Visceral sensory area

Sensory

A
  • conscious perception visceral sensation
  • Ex: full bladder, upset stomach
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21
Q

Vestibular cortex

A

involved in balance and equilibrium

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22
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A
  • Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, personality, judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience
  • associated with Limbic system
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23
Q

Language area

A

Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, Lateral prefrontal cortex ,Lateral & ventral temporal lobe

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24
Q

General interpretation area

A

integrates multiple stimuli for understanding

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25
Visceral association area
perception of visceral sensations
26
White matter of cerebrum
Deep to the cortex, made of myelinated axons connecting different areas
27
Commissures | White matter of cerebrum
- Tracts that connect corresponding areas between the two hemispheres - Largest is corpus callosum (superior to lateral ventricles)
28
Association fibers | White matter of cerebrum
Tracts connecting areas within the same hemisphere
29
Projection fibers | White matter of cerebrum
Tracts entering and leaving the cerebrum from other regions
30
Deep Gray Matter of the Cerebrum
- Basal nuclei (Basal Ganglia – cell bodies – gray matter) - Consists of many nuclei, receive input from many areas and perform diverse functions - Huntington’s Disease results in massive degeneration of these nuclei which then progresses to cortex
31
Diencephalon
- Intermediate to the brain stem and cerebrum - Forms core of forebrain; all gray matter - Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
32
Thalamus | Diencephalon
- Gateway to the cerebral cortex - Sensory relay station where sensory signals can be edited, sorted, & routed; motor & cognitive function
33
Hypothalamus | Diencephalon
- Attached to Pituitary gland - Main visceral control center for homeostasis in the body - Autonomic Regulatory Center, Emotional Response, Regulation of Body Temperature, Regulation of Food Intake, Regulation of Water Balance and Thirst, Regulation of Sleep/Wake Cycles, Hormonal Control, heart rate, blood pressure
34
Epithalamus | Diencephalon
- Releases melatonin from pineal gland; regulates sleep/wake cycle and food/water intake, emotional response to odors
35
Brain Stem
- Three parts: medulla, pons, midbrain - Responsible for low level activities, reflexes and automated responses - Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival – Connects cerebrum to spinal cord
36
Midbrain | Brain Stem
- Contains reflex centers that move eyes and head - maintains posture, auditory reflex center
36
Pons | Brain Stem
- Relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata & cerebrum - helps regulate breathing rate and depth
36
Medulla Oblongata | Brain Stem
- Conducts impulses between brain and spinal cord - contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory control centers; nonvital reflex control centers
37
Substancia nigra | Midbrain
- nucleus for unconscious muscle activity - dopamine releasing neurons die here during Parkinson’s Disease
38
Pons
- has fiber tracts sensory and motor to cerebellum - has nuclei associated with breathing
39
Medulla Oblongata
- homeostasis centers for heart rate, vessel diameter, and respiration - reflex centers for vomiting, hiccupping, coughing, sneezing
40
Concussion | Brain Trauma
blow to the head with temporary symptoms (dizzy, nausea, blurry vision)
41
Contusion | Brain Trauma
results from serious concussion that bruises brain and causes some permanent damage
42
Stroke | Brain Trauma
brain blood flow has been blocked and tissue dies
43
Spinal cord
Functions: - Pathway to/from brain - Coordinate spinal cord reflexes Structure: - 16”-18” long - 3/4” diameter - Associated with 31 pair of spinal nerve - Gray matter in core, white matter is outside
44
Subarachnoid space | Meninges of spinal cord
- contains cerebrospinal fluid
45
Subdural space | Meninges of spinal cord
contains interstitial fluid
46
Pia mater | Meninges of spinal cord
transparent, thin connective tissue
47
Arachnoid mater | Meninges of spinal cord
loose connective tissue
48
Dura mater | Meninges of spinal cord
dense irregular connective tissue, continuous with inner layer of brain dura mater
49
Epidural space
Filled with fat and blood vessels
50
Gray Matter | Spinal cord
- unmyelinated axons + cell bodies of multipolar neurons - Form the horns & Gray commissure
51
Dorsal Horn | Gray Matter
contains cell bodies of interneurons
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Ventral Horn | Gray Matter
contains cell bodies of motor neurons
53
Lateral Horn | Gray Matter
- Located only in upper lumbar/thoracic and sacral regions - House cell bodies of autonomic (sympathetic division) motor neurons
54
White Matter | Spinal cord
- Contains myelinated axons - Arranged in roots + columns
55
Dorsal root | White Matter
contains axons entering the CNS
56
Dorsal Root Ganglion | White Matter
Contains cell bodies to Sensory neurons
57
Ventral root | White Matter
contains axons exiting the CNS
58
Columns (funiculi) | White Matter
- named by origin and destination - all are paired (left/right) - columns contain tracts with similar destinations/functions - most all cross over in the cord

Anatomy and Physiology I (15 decks)

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