Ch.4 Tissue

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

groups of cells similar in structure and function

Question 2

4 primary tissue types

Answer 2

• epithelium
• connective
• muscle
• nervous

Question 3

Nervous tissue

Answer 3

• internal communication
• brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 4

Muscle tissue

Answer 4

• contracts to cause movement
  1. skeletal: muscles attached to bone
  2. cardiac: muscles of heart
  3. smooth: muscles of walls of hollow organs

Question 5

epithelial tissue

Answer 5

• forms boundries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters
• skin surface (epidermis)
• lining of Gi tract organs and other hollow organs
• two types: lining & covering + glandular

Question 6

lining & covering epithelium function

type of epithelial tissue

Answer 6

1. protection
2. absorption
3. filtration
4. excretion
5. secretion
6. sensory reception

Question 7

lining & covering epithelium characteristics

type of epithelial tissue

Answer 7

1. close packed cells
2. Polarity
   apical – free surface (no tissue attached)
   basal – attached to underlying basement membrane
3. basement membrane - connective tissue that anchors and supports the epithelium
   Two layers:
   basal lamina - noncellular, adhesive sheet of glycoproteins reticular lamina - between basal lamina & underlying tissue made of thin collagen fibers
4. avascular ( no capillaries…..nutrients diffuse through underlying connective tissue)
5. fast regeneration (short life span due to stress, high rate of mitosis)

Question 8

lining & covering epithelium nomenclature

Answer 8

first name = how many layers of cells
- simple: diffusion, absorption, filtration
- stratified: protection
second name = shape of apical cells
- squamaous
- cubodial
- columnar

Question 9

stratified cubodial

epithelium

Answer 9

• quite rare in body
• found in some sweat and mammary glands, secretory function
• typically two cell layers thick

Question 10

Stratified Columnar

Answer 10

• Limited distribution in body
• Small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
• occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
• structural integrity, seen where tissue types meet

Question 11

Glandular epithelium

Type of epithelial tissue

Answer 11

• Glands are organs that make and secrete a product (usually a water based fluid with proteins)

Question 12

Glandular epithelium classification

Answer 12

1. endocrine (ductless glands)
   - Product = hormones
   - Secretion is into the blood
2. exocrine (ducted glands)
   - Products vary
   - Secretion is through a duct onto a body surface
   - Unicellular = single cells mixed among epithelial cells example = goblet cells
   - Multicellular = consist of a secretory unit and a duct
   - - merocrine = secretes product by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat, saliva)

Question 13

Exocrine gland multicellular types

Glandular epithelium –> exocrine glands –> 2 multicellular types

Answer 13

1. merocrine: secretes product by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat, salvia)
2. holocrine: product accumulates and cell ruptures to release product (oil glands)

Question 14

connective tissue types

Answer 14

1. Fibrous connective tissue (connective tissue proper) – fat and fibrous tissue of ligaments
2. Supporting connective tissue – cartilage and bone
3. Fluid connective tissue – blood and lymph

Question 15

connective tissue function

Answer 15

• Binding of organs
• Support
• Physical protection
• Immune protection
• Movement
• Storage
• Insulation
  -Transport

Question 16

connective tissues charcteristics

Answer 16

• Varying degrees of vascularity
• Cells separated by nonliving extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)

Question 17

connective tissue structure

Answer 17

• Ground substance - Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
• Mitotically active and secretory cells = “blasts”
• • Mature cells = “cytes”
    Components:
• Interstitial fluid
• Adhesion proteins (“glue”) - fibers that link cells
  – ex. Fibronectin – attaches collagen to other substances
• Proteoglycans (protein + sugar)
  – ex. Hyaluronic acid – viscous, slippery, holds water

Question 18

Three fibers of connective tissue

Answer 18

1. Collagen (white fibers)
   - Strongest and most abundant type
   - Provides high tensile strength
2. Elastic: Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch
3. Reticular: Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

Question 19

Connective Tissue cell types

Answer 19

• Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
• Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage
• Osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone
• Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
• Fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

Question 20

Fibrous connective tissue (connective tissue proper) types

Answer 20

1. Loose – areolar, reticular and adipose
2. Dense – regular, irregular and elastic

Question 21

Supporting Connective Tissue Types

Answer 21

1. cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
2. bone

Question 22

Cartilage Tissue Structure Characteristics

Connective Tissue –> Supporting Connective Tissue –> Cartilage Tissue

Answer 22

• Composition = avascular and not innervated
• ground substance = can be up to 80% water
• fibers = mostly fine collagen and some elastin
• cells = chondrocytes in lacunae
• Function = strong, yet f lexible, supportive

Question 23

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 23

Description:
- Amorphous and firm matrix
- collagen fibers form an imperceptible network;
- chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae
Function:
- Supports and reinforces
- has resilient cushioning properties
- resists compressive stress.
Location:
- Forms embryonic skeleton
- covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities
- forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

Question 24

Elastic cartilage

Answer 24

Description:
- Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix
Function:
- Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
Location:
- Supports the external ear (pinna) + epiglottis

Question 25

Fibrocartilage

Answer 25

Description: - Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage - thick collagen fibers predominate Function: - Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Location: - Intervertebral discs

Question 26

Bone Tissue characteristics | Connective Tissue --> Supporting Connective Tissue --> Bone Tissue

Answer 26

- well vascularized & innervated - ground substance = contains calcium salts - fibers = layers of collagen adjacent layers run in opposite direction - cells = osteocytes, adipocytes, hemocytoblasts

Question 27

Bone Tissue | Connective Tissue --> Supporting Connective Tissue --> Bone Tissue

Answer 27

Description: - Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers - osteocytes lie in lacunae - well vascularized. Function: - Bone supports and protects (by enclosing) - provides levers for the muscles to act on - stores calcium, minerals and fat - marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Question 28

Fluid Connective Tissues | Type of Connective Tissue

Answer 28

Structure: - Liquid Tissue: -- Plasma and blood clotting fibers - Cells: -- Rbc’s -- Wbc’s -- platelets - Types: Blood and Lymph

Question 29

Blood | Connective Tissue --> Fluid Connective Tissue --> Blood

Answer 29

Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Function: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Location: Contained within blood vessels.

Question 30

Nervous tissue

Answer 30

- Cells: Neurons(branching cells) + neuroglia - Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) which control their activity. Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Question 31

Muscle tissue

Answer 31

Structural Elements: 3 types of cells: - Myocytes - Cardiocytes - Visible nuclei Striations (skeletal and cardiac) Intercalated discs (cardiac) 3 types: - Skeletal - Cardiac - Smooth

Question 32

Skeletal Muscle | Type of Muscle Tissue

Answer 32

Description: - Long + cylindrical - multinucleated cells - striated Function: - Voluntary movement/ control - locomotion - manipulation of the environment - facial expression Location: - In skeletal muscles attached to bones or skin

Question 33

Cardiac muscle | Type of Muscle Tissue

Answer 33

Description: - Branching - striated - uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs) Function: - contracts --> propels blood into the circulation - involuntary control Location: - The walls of the heart.

Question 34

Smooth Muscle | Type of Muscle Tissue

Answer 34

Description: - Spindle-shaped cells with 1 central nuclei - not striated - cells arranged closely to form sheets Function: - Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine along internal passage ways - involuntary control Location: - Mostly in the walls of hollow organs

Question 35

Types of Membranes

Answer 35

- Cutaneous - Mucous - Serous

Question 36

Cutaneous Membranes

Answer 36

- skin - stratified squamous epithelium + dense irregular connective tissue

Question 37

Mucous Membranes

Answer 37

- Structure = epithelium varies (stratified squamous, simple columnar, or pseudostratified) + areolar loose connective tissue (this is called lamina propria) - Location = lines cavities that are open to the external environment (digestive, respiratory, urogenitalia)

Question 38

Serous Membranes

Answer 38

- Structure = simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) + areolar connective tissue - Location = lines cavities not open to external environment (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)