Ch.14

Question 1

Combinational explanation

Answer 1

An explanation commonly used in H-C research that emplasizes the coming together of several factors under certain conditions to produce an outcome as opposed to a linear sequence of cause-effect.

Question 2

Process analysis

Answer 2

Examining a casual process in which researchers trace the entire sequence with its intervening mechanisms, including the duration of events and impact of early events on later events.

Question 3

Annales School

Answer 3

A group of French historians that developed a research approach is that holistic, vlends attention to the concrete specificity of daily life with abstract theory building, and considers long-term societywide structural change.

Question 4

Mentalities

Answer 4

An Annales School idea that a pattern of everyday consciousness and assumptions about ordinary life is pervaside during a particular historical period.

Question 5

Longue duree

Answer 5

An Annales Schoold idea referring to a long period of time, often a centry or longer, across which fundamental patterns or structures in social life remain stable and shape daily life.

Question 6

Baconian fallacy

Answer 6

The misconception of assuming that a researcher can operate without any preconceived questions, ideas,assumptions, theories, or presumptions.

Question 7

Anachronism

Answer 7

An error by which a historical comparative researcher locates an event, expression, object, person, or situation before or after it actually occurred.

Question 8

Critical indicator

Answer 8

A clear, unambiguours measure of a concept in a specific cultural or historical setting.

Question 9

Historiography

Answer 9

The theory of using approaches with assumptions, emphases, and a theoretical point of view that historians employ when writing historical studies.

Question 10

Primary sources

Answer 10

Qualitatative or quantitative data about past events or social life that were created and used in the past time period.

Question 11

Archive

Answer 11

A specialized library or collection of orginal records and historical documents that makes them available for research.

Question 12

Secondary sources

Answer 12

Qualitative and quantitative data used in historical research that are reported or written by historian or others who did not directly participate in the events or setting.

Question 13

Running records

Answer 13

Existing files, report, or documents that are maintained in a relatively consisten manner over a long period of time and are used for statistical research.

Question 14

Recollections

Answer 14

Statements or writings about past experiences collected after time has passed and based on a memory or stimulated by a review of old objects, photos, or notes.

Question 15

Oral history

Answer 15

Chronicle of events obtained during an interview of a person who recollects past events, beliefs, or feelings that he or she experienced.

Question 16

External criticism

Answer 16

Evaluation of the authenticity of a primary historial source by accurately locating the place and time of its creation (e.g. determination of whether is is a forgery).

Question 17

Internal criticism

Answer 17

Evaluation of the authenticity and credibility of primary historical sources to determine their accuracy as accounts of what occurred in the past.

Question 18

Bowdlerization

Answer 18

A deliberate distortion of the past designed to protect a particular (usually favorable) image.

Question 19

Nonsource-based knowledge

Answer 19

General information available to a researcher based on reasoning or an indepth awareness of historical circumstances.

Question 20

Case-study comparative research

Answer 20

Comparative research in which a researcher compares one or two particular cultures (or cultural units such as regions) in depth.

Question 21

Cultural-context research

Answer 21

Comparative study focused on comparing a small number of societies or cultures that represents theoretical types to permit generalizations to other societies of those same types.

Question 22

Cross-national research

Answer 22

Comparative study that examines data (usually quantitative) for several variables across many nations and analyzes the data.

Question 23

Transnational research

Answer 23

Comparative study approach that examines and compares multinational units.

Question 24

Galton’s problem

Answer 24

The potential dilemma of finding correlations or associations among characteristics in multiple cases or units that are diffused from a single source and the units (e.g. countries, cultures) are not really independent cases.

Question 25

Human Relations Area Files (HRAF)

Answer 25

An extensive catalog and comprehensive collection of enhnographies on many cultures (mostly preliterate) that permits a researcher to make comparisons across cultural units.

Question 26

Courtesy bias

Answer 26

A judgment that occurs when very strong cultural norms exist to "maintain face" or hide unpleasant information for others, including social researchers.

Question 27

Back translation

Answer 27

Translation of written material into a second language by having a different translator translate back into the orginal language and them comparing the original writing and the translated versions.

Question 28

Safari research

Answer 28

Study by researcher from one cuture in which they impose their perspectives, ideas, and issues onto another culture and treat the studied culture as only an exotic object to be studied.

Question 29

western cultural bias

Answer 29

A judgment made when conducting comparative research that uses the outlook and perspective of advanced Western societies that is largely insensitive to local, non-Western cultural issues, values, or perspectives.

Question 30

Emic

Answer 30

Concept or approach developed and used within a specific cultural setting byt that may not exist elsewhere.

Question 31

Etic

Answer 31

Concept or approach that is universal in the international scientific community or widely shared across multiple cultural settings.

Question 32

Lexicon equivalence

Answer 32

Similarity of words or phrases to express their identical meaning in a different language or in the translation from one language to another.

Question 33

Contextual equivalence

Answer 33

Similarity of social roles, norms, or situations across different cultures or historical periods.

Question 34

Conceptual equivalence

Answer 34

Similarity of ideas or concepts across divergent cultural or historical settings.

Question 35

Measurement equivalence

Answer 35

Similarity of measures that will accurately represent a construct or variable in divergent cultural or historical settings.