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Intro to Microbio > Ch.16 > Flashcards

Ch.16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ability to ward off disease?

A

Immunity

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2
Q

define Susceptibility

A

Lack of resistance to a disease

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3
Q

Defenses against any pathogen; rapid, present at BIRTH (non-specific)

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

T/F 1st and 2nd line of defenses are innate ( nonspecific)

Physical & chemical barriers, and genetic components are examples of what line of defense?

Inflammatory response, interferons, phagocytosis,, and complement are examples of what line of defense?

A

TRUE

1ST LINE

2ND LINE

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5
Q

BIGGER PICTURE IMMUNITY

  1. __________ (viruses, bacteria, fungi) —-> (1st line of defense) 2. ________, mucous membrane, antimicrobial substances —-> (2nd line of defense) Inflammation, fever, 3.__________ —–> (3rd line of defense) 4. __________ and __________ immunity
A
  1. pathogens
  2. skin
  3. phagocytes
  4. humoral and cellular immunity
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6
Q

T/F the 3rd line of defense is acquired & specific

give 2 examples of naturally acquired defense and determine whether they are active or passive

give 2 examples of artificially acquired defense and determine whether they are active or passive

A

TRUE

  1. infection (active)
  2. Maternal antibodies (passive)
  3. vaccination (active)
  4. immune serum (passive)
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7
Q

Which line of defense is the largest line of defense in immunity?

A

First line of defense

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8
Q

What are two physical barriers?

A
  1. skin (most visible)
  2. mucous membrane (lines tracts)
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9
Q

Both skin and mucous membranes are protected by a variety of chemical barriers (antimicrobial substances) including what four things?

A
  1. lysozyme
  2. sebum
  3. low pH (1.2 - 3.0) of gastric juices
  4. low pH (3 -5) of vaginal secretions
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10
Q

What are 3 examples of mucous membranes?

A
  1. Epithelial layer lines the gastrointestinal
  2. respiratory
  3. genitourinary tracts
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10
Q

Lysozymes degrade ______________ and are found in what 4 things?

A

peptidogylcan

tears
saliva
blood
phagocytes

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11
Q
  1. which structure in the first line of defense is not technically part of the immune system?
  2. what does this structure do?
A
  1. normal microbiota
  2. protects against pathogens through competitive exclusion
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11
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

forms a protective film and lowers the pH (3–5) of skin

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12
Q

What is a better way to treat antibiotics instead of using antibiotics?

A

Florastor

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13
Q

what 2 things happen in competitive exclusion?

A
  • Competes for space, covers binding sites, – Pathogens can’t bind
  • Competes for nutrients
    – Nutrients unavailable for pathogens
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15
Q
  1. Cells of immune system have
    elaborate communication system, how is it achieved?
  2. Proteins act as ________ _________, called cytokines
A
  1. through production of proteins
  2. chemical messengers
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16
Q

HUMAN BODY PICTURE

Lysozyme, peroxidase, and lactoferrin are the antimicrobial factors in __________

Remove inhaled particles: _______

Mucus, cilia: ________ _______

Physical barrier, fatty, acids, sweat, normal flora: ___________

Acid in stomach = low or high pH?

T/F pH does not change from stomach to upper intestine

Flushing of urinary tract: __________

A

saliva

nose

normal flora

skin

low

false, pH changes rapidly

uterus

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17
Q

what are the “eyes” and “ears” of the cell

A

Cell surface receptors

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18
Q

___________ are the “voice”

A

cytokines

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19
Q

which receptors allow cells to “see”
molecules signifying presence of microbes
outside the cell?

A

TLR Toll-Like receptors

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20
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are present on what?

What do PRRs do?

A

HOST (immune cells / “self”)

alerts the body when the first line barriers have been breached
and pathogens have entered the body

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21
Q

What do PRRs recognize?

A

pathogen- or damage-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs)

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22
Q

Where are PAMPs and DAMPs found?

T/F PAMPS/DAMPS are found in the pathogen

A

bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi

TRUE

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23
Q

Two major forms of innate immune sensors, which provide immediate responses
against pathogenic invasion or tissue injury.

^ what do these two things do?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) & NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

Enable cells to sense invasion

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24
T or F TLR found in very few cell types T or F NLR do same as TLRs for inside cell (cytoplasm)
False, found in a variety True
25
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on host cells attach to what? TLRs bound to these patterns release what?
PAMPs cytokines
26
Where are cells of the immune systems always found?
in normal blood
27
When is the second line of defense triggered?
sensor systems go off telling the body something has gotten passed the first line of defense
28
4 main components of the 2nd line of defense?
4 Main Components: 1. Complement 2. Interferon 3. Phagocytosis 4. Inflammation
29
T and B cells make up __________ in hematopoiesis?
Lymphocytes
30
Define hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
31
Where do blood cells and immune cells originate from?
hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
32
What makes up WBC?
Neutrophils (60%-70%) lymphocytes (20%-25%) Monocytes (3-8%) Eosinophils (2-4%) Basophils (0.5-1%)
33
What is the normal WBC
normal: 4000–11,000/ ul
34
Where do monocytes circulate? What 2 things can macrophages differentiate into?
in blood Macrophages or Dendritic
35
High WBC counts may indicate what?
bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, or side effects of medication
36
Which type of cells function as "scouts" in tissue? What are present in most tissues (liver, spleen, nodes,etc.)?
Dendritic cells Macrophages
37
viral infections, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases, extremely severe bacterial infections, side effects of medications, or cancers all indication of what?
Low WBC counts
38
What is an important concept in immunity?
Differentiating self vs. nonself
39
What are the primary organs in the lymphatic system?
Bone marrow and Thymus
40
Lymph is basically a filtration system in the _____________ system that removes __________?
lymphoid system removes pathogens
41
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, etc. are part of which type of organs in the lymphatic system?
Secondary organs
42
Carry lymph to body tissues
Lymphatic vessels
43
Where does lymph carry microbes to? What 3 things encounter and destroy the pathogen?
lymph nodes 1. B and T lymphocytes, 2. macrophages 3. dendritic cells
44
The pathways of the complement system?
Alternative pathway, Lectin pathway, and classical pathway
45
How many proteins are in the complement system? Where are these proteins secreted? What does the complement system do?
30 serum proteins liver enhances the immune system in destroying microbes
46
T/F The complement system is a part of the innate immune system but can be recruited by the adaptive immune system T/F The complement system acts in response to stimuli
TRUE TRUE
47
How does the complement system destroy microbes?
cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation
48
PHAGOCYTES: predominate early in initial phase of a bacterial infection (“first responders”) dominate later (“clean-up crew”)
Neutrophils Macrophages
49
In _____________ activated complement proteins create a membrane attack complex (MAC)
Cytolysis
50
What does opsonization promote?
attachment of a phagocyte to a microbe
51
In inflammation Activated complement proteins bind to mast cells, causing them to release ___________ and other _______________ _______
histamine inflammatory cytokines
52
What is phagocytosis?
the ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell
53
Professional” phagocytes include what 2 things?
1. Neutrophils 2. Macrophages
54
T/F Fixed macrophages (histiocytes) are residents in only tissues __________ __________roam tissues and gather at sites of infection
FALSE, tissues AND organs Free (wandering) macrophages
55
The 4 mechanisms of phagocytosis are?
1. chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion
56
PUT THE STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS IN ORDER: A. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome B. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes C. Formation of a phagosome D. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte E. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte F. Discharge of waste materials G. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
1. D 2. E 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. G 7. F
57
What are the 3 types of interferons? T/F IFN- a and IFN-b are produced by viral-infected host cells
IFN- alpha, beta, and lambda TRUE
58
what are Interferon (IFN) involved against?
1. viruses, 2. other microbes 3. intercommunication
59
When does inflammation occur?
in response to tissue damage or microbial invasion
60
1. T or F Interferons bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression 2. IFNs ________ the expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects?
True inhibit
61
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
– Heat – Pain – Redness – Swelling
62
T/F Clotting after abrasion is to prevent further infection
TRUE
63
Neutrophils and Macrophages are both __________
phagocytic
64
What is margination?
phagocytes stick to the endothelium
65
OUTCOMES OF INFLAMMATION T/F Intent is to limit damage and restore function T/F If inflammation is limited to area of injury, damage is usually large T/F If inflammation results in delicate systems, consequences are more severe
TRUE FALSE, damage is nominal (small) TRUE
66
phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
Diapedesis
67
1. what are pyrogens? 2. Fever-inducing cytokines 3. Microbial products
1. fever-inducing substances 2. endogenous pyrogens 3. exogenous pyrogens
68
Resulting fever inhibits growth of pathogens by elevating?
temperature above maximum growth temperature
69
Define genetic resistance T/F sickle cell trait and Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) are examples of genetic resistance T/F Very young and elderly are more resistant to disease
Confers a selective survival advantage TRUE FALSE, they are more SUSCEPTIBLE

Intro to Microbio (16 decks)

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