Ch.18-19-20

Question 1

pugachev rebellion

Answer 1

a rebellion during the 1770s that was lead by Emilian Pugachev, eventually crushed and used as an example by Catherine as an excuse to extend state power into the regional area.

Question 2

partition of poland

Answer 2

division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795

Question 3

what did the act of 1649 do to heredity for peasants?

Answer 3

it made it so that you could not escape peasantry, you were born to it.

Question 4

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

Answer 4

Married to one another to form the largest Christian territory in Iberia—Spain. Responsible for the reconquest of Granada from Muslim rulers and funded C. Columbus’s journey.

Question 5

Caribbean

Answer 5

First area of Spanish Exploration and settlement, serving as an experimental region for the nature of Spanish colonization. This is where the encomienda system of colonial management started here.

Question 6

Hispaniola

Answer 6

first island in Caribbean settled by the Spaniards, founded by Columbus on second voyage to the New World. Became the spanish base of operations for further colonization/exploration.

Question 7

encomienda

Answer 7

grants for native labor to conquerors and settlers in mesoamerica and south america, an early form of coerced labor in the spanish colonies.

Question 8

encomendero

Answer 8

the holder of a grant of natives who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. the encomendero was responsible for the natives’ conversion to christianity.

Question 9

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 9

Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Natives pop. the Spanish colonies, opposed forced labor and advocated for Native rights.

Question 10

Hernan Cortes

Answer 10

Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1529, responsible for the defeat of the Aztec Empire, capturing Tenochtitlan.

Question 11

Moctezuma II

Answer 11

Last independent emperor of Aztec, captured and killed by Hernan Cortes during conquest of Tenochtitlan

Question 12

haciendas

Answer 12

Rural estates in Spanish colonies in the new world, producing agricultural products for American consumers, basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy.

Question 13

Consulado

Answer 13

merchant guild of Seville that enjoyed a monopoly right over goods shipped TO the Americas and handled much of the silver received in return.

Question 14

galleons

Answer 14

large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World colonies to Spain, basis for the convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

Question 15

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 15

Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal, clarifying spheres of influence and rights in the New World, gave all lands west of Brazil to Spain and all lands to be discovered east of Brazil to Portugal

Question 16

letrados

Answer 16

university trained lawyers from Spain in the New World that served as the judicial core of the colonial bureaucracy, exercising both a legislative and administrative function.

Question 17

Recopilacion

Answer 17

basis of laws in the indies, a Spanish body of laws made in 1681 for Spanish colonies in the New World.

Question 18

Council of the Indies

Answer 18

Body within the Castilian gov. that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World. The king ruled through this council.

Question 19

viceroyalties

Answer 19

direct representatives of the king splitting Spanish colonies with one based in Lima and one based in Mexico city.

Question 20

viceroys

Answer 20

High ranking government officials that were usually prominent nobles and direct representatives of the King. They ruled over Spanish America. The Portuguese also used Viceroys in Goa and later Brazil.

Question 21

audencia

Answer 21

royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of the New world, there were 10 in each Viceroyalty and part of the colonial admin. system. They were staffed by professional magistrates.

Question 22

Sor Juana

Answer 22

A nun, author, poet, and musician of New Spain.

Question 23

Pedro Alvarez Cabral

Answer 23

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India that was blown off close in 1500 and landed in Brazil.

Question 24

captaincies

Answer 24

strips of land along the Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles, created limited success in developing a colony.

Question 25

Mexico City

Answer 25

capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan;

Question 26

New Spain

Answer 26

spanish colonial possession in mesoamerica, included most of central mexico based on imperial system of aztecs

Question 27

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Answer 27

leader of spanish expeditions entering what is now the US up until Kansas searching for a mythical city of gold.

Question 28

Pedro de Valdivia

Answer 28

conquered the Araucanian Natives of Chile and est. Santiago in 1541

Question 29

mita

Answer 29

labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and religion, all regions were expected to contribute. Essential aspect of inca imperial control

Question 30

potosi

Answer 30

mine located in upper peru the largest of new world silver mines, producing 80% of peruvian silver.

Question 31

huancavelica

Answer 31

a mountain holding the largest mercury deposit in south america, linked to potosi

Question 32

Paulistas

Answer 32

backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo in brazil, who penetrated the interior of brazil in search of precious metals during the 17th century.

Question 33

Minas Gerais

Answer 33

region of brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695, becoming the location for a gold rush.

Question 34

Rio de Janiero

Answer 34

Brazilian port close to the mines of Minas Gerais, growing with importance due to this and eventually becoming the colonial capital in 1763.

Question 35

sociedad de castas

Answer 35

American social system based on racial origins. Castas were people of mixed race, thought these categories were not strictly based on biology.

Question 36

peninsulares

Answer 36

people living in the new world spanish colonies but born in spain

Question 37

creoles

Answer 37

whites born in the Americas, dominated latin american economies and were second in status only to the peninsulares.

Question 38

amigos del pais

Answer 38

clubs/associations dedicated to improvement and reform within the spanish colonies during the 18th century, calling for material not political reforms.

Question 39

War of Spanish Succession

Answer 39

Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to the spanish throne in 1701, ending with the Treaty of Urecht which resulted in the loss of some land, the acceptance of Bourbons, and grants of commercial rights to the English and French

Question 40

Charles III

Answer 40

spanish enlightened monarch who instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in spain and its empire.

Question 41

Jose de Galvez

Answer 41

moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies and created intendants for local government

Question 42

Marquis of Pombal

Answer 42

Prime minister of Portugal who acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil, expelling the jesuits, enacting fiscal reforms and creating monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy.

Question 43

Comunero Revolt and Tupac Amaru

Answer 43

- popular revolt against the spanish rule in new Granada in 1781, repressed as a result of divisions within the population - tupac amaru led another revolt in Peru that was supported by many ppl in the lower class and failed bc of Creole fears of real social revolution.

Question 44

factories

Answer 44

European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants, utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure safe landing and commerce.

Question 45

El Mina

Answer 45

Most important of the early Portuguese trading factories est. in forest zone of Africa.

Question 46

Luanda

Answer 46

Factory est. in 1520s in the south of Kongo, becoming basis for the colony of Angola

Question 47

Royal African Company

Answer 47

used to est. a monopoly for British merchants in the slave trade to the colonies in barbados, jamaica, and virginia

Question 48

indies piece

Answer 48

term used by the spanish to refer to the value of an adult male slave.

Question 49

Asante Empire

Answer 49

est. in Gold Coast, dominated by the Oyoko clan

Question 50

Osei Tutu

Answer 50

Responsible for creating the unified Asante Empire, he utilized western firearms

Question 51

Asantehene

Answer 51

title taken by ruler of Asante Empire as the supreme religious and civil ruler.

Question 52

Dahomey

Answer 52

Kingdom developed 70 miles from the coast, taking in western firearms and goods in return for slaves.

Question 53

Luo

Answer 53

Nilotic peoples that est. a dynasty amongst the Bantu pop. in the lake region of central eastern Africa

Question 54

Fulani

Answer 54

pastorial peoples of western Sudan, adopted Sufi variant of Islam and launched a revolt against the Hausa Kingdoms.

Question 55

Great Trek

Answer 55

Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of Southern Africa to escape the influence of the British colonial government.

Question 56

mfecane

Answer 56

war of 19th century in southern Africa caused by Zulu expansion, revolutionizing the political organization.

Question 57

Swazi

Answer 57

new african state that survived the mfecane and modeled after Zulu chiefdom

Question 58

Lesotho

Answer 58

survived the mfecane with less emphasis on military organization and less authoritarian gov. style.

Question 59

middle passage

Answer 59

slave voyage from africa to the americas and very traumatic experience

Question 60

creole slaves

Answer 60

american born descendants of saltwater slaves, process of miscenegation

Question 61

obeah and candomble and vodun

Answer 61

african religious ideas and practices in the caribbean islands, religious ideals of the yoruba, of the salves in haiti

Question 62

palmares

Answer 62

kingdom of runaway slaves located in Brazil

Question 63

suriname

Answer 63

location of runaway slave plantation, used to be a dutch plantation colony

Question 64

William Wilberforce

Answer 64

Leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to the end of English slave trade in 1807.