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Anatomy FINALS > ch18 The endocrine system > Flashcards

ch18 The endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the nervous system release?

A

Neurotrasnmitters

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2
Q

What does the endocrine system release?

A

hormones

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3
Q

Both the endocrine and __________ system act together to coordinate all systems of the body

A

Nervous

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4
Q

What are the 2 type of glands

A

Exocrine and endocrine glands

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5
Q

Exocrine glands secrete their products into…

A

Ducts
including sudoriferous(sweat) glands, sebaceous(oil) glands, mucous and digestive glands

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6
Q

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the…

A

Interstitial fluid surrounding their cells

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7
Q

How do hormones get to their target cells?

A

they diffuse into the blood through capillaries to get to cells

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7
Q

What glands are part of endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal(adrenal) and pineal glands

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8
Q

How can hormones only affect target cells? what parts of cell are used to identify it?

A

They target the specific protein or glycoprotein receptors of that cell

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9
Q

Hormones that act locally without first entering the blood stream are called…

A

Local hormones

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9
Q

Hormones that travel in blood and act on distant target cells are called…

A

Circulating hormones, or endocrines

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10
Q

What are local hormones called that act on neighboring cells?

A

paracrines

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11
Q

what are local hormones called that act on same cell that secreted them?

A

autocrines

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12
Q

what are the 2 chemical classes of hormones?

A

Lipid-soluble and water soluble hormones

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13
Q

How do water-soluble hormones move around?

A

they circulate in plasma, in a free unattached form

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14
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones move around?

A

hormones bind to transport proteins to be carried in blood

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15
Q

what does the suprarenal cortex secretes

A

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and weak androgens

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16
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

help regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body

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17
Q

Whats the major mineralcorticoid, what gland secretes it and its function?

A

Aldosterone is the hormone secreted by suprarenal gland and its acts on kidneys to increase sodium and water reabsorption and DECREASES potassium reabsorption

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18
Q

what controls secretion of aldosterone?

A

RAA Pathways

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19
Q

what is included in glucocorticoids(the 3 hormones)

A

Cortisol(most abundant
Cortisone
Corticosterone

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20
Q

what are the medullary secretion hormones of the suprarenal gland?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine(NE)

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21
Q

what effects does epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

sympathetic responses

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22
Q

def: glucose

A

energy source

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23
def: glycogen
energy stored in the human body
24
def: hypoglycemia
low glucose in blood
25
def: hyperglycemia
high glucose in blood
26
what cells does the pancreas have related to endocrine system
Endocrine and exocrine cells
27
what are the 2 types of cells in pancreatic islets?
Alpha cells and Beta cells
28
function of Alpha cells
secretion of glucagon, hormones which increases blood glucose levels
29
Function Beta cells
secretion of insulin, hormones which decrease blood glucose levels
30
name the major hormones that the ovaries produce:
Estrogen and progesterone
31
Function of estrogen and progesterone
prepare female reproductive system for pregnancy and post pregnancy
32
whats the minor hormone that ovaries ALSO produce
Inhibit and relaxin
33
Function of Relaxin hormone (RLX)
Dilates uterine cervix during labor and delivery
34
Function of Inhibin hormone
Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary
35
Where is the pineal gland attached to?
the third ventricle of the brain
36
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
37
Function of melatonin
sleep and biological clock
38
what type of hormones does the thymus secrete?(what do they help the body with)
Hormones that regulate and develop the growth of the immune system
39
name the 4 immunity hormones of the thymus gland:
Thymosin, thymic humoral factor(THF), Thymic Factor(TF) and thymopoitin
40
what's the function of Thymopoietin hormone? (related to thymus gland)
it promotes the proliferation and maturation of T cells
41
Function of Eicosanoid hormones
act as paracrines and autocrines in body tissues by altering production of second messengers
42
what are the two hormones connected to Eicosanoids? "P and L"
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
43
What do growth factors do?
they stimulate cell growth and division
44
what are examples of Growth factor hormones?
Epidermal growth factor(EGF), platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF), fibroblast growth factor(FGF)
45
what's the function of Eustress hormone in stress response?
helpful for everyday stress that prepares us for challenges
46
Is Distress good or harmful?
It is harmful
47
what are the 3 phases of Stress Responce
1. Fight or flight response 2. Resistance Reaction 3. Exhaustion
48
What are the hormones that are secreted to initiate resistance reaction
CRH, GHRH, TRH
49
What causes exhaustion
loss of potassium, depletion of suprarenal glucocorticoids and weakened organs
50
What is the cause of Pituitary Dwarfism, Giantism and Acromegaly
Hyposecretion of hGH create dwarfism Hypersecretion of hGH in childhood results in Giantism and in adulthood creates acromegaly
51
What is Diabetes insipidus?
the hyposecretion of ADH(antidiuretic hormone) causing large amounts of dilute urine creating dehydration
52
Def: hypothyroidism
the effect of hypersecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal life and creates sensitivity to cold, weight gain and fatigue
53
Def: Hypoparathyroidism
results into muscle tetany
54
Def:Hyperparathyroidism
produces excessive resportion of bone and kidney stones
55
Suprarenal gland disorders: Cushings syndrome
results from hypersecretion of cortisol by the suprarenal cortex
56
what happens when there is hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone?
Addison's disease
57
Pancreatic diseases:
type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and hyperinsulinism
58
Name the lipid soluble chemical classes and give some examples of each one:(3)
Steroid hormones(aldosterone, cortisol,androgens,calcitriol,testosterone,estrogen,progesterone) Thyroid hormones(T3, T4) Gas(Nitric Oxide)
59
Name the water soluble chemical classes and give examples for each one:(3)
amines: Epinephrine, Norepiepherine, Melatonin, Histamine, Serotonin Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes peptides and proteins: Oxytocin, ACH, growth hormone
60
name me the series of action of lipid-soluble hormones:
hormones binds to and activates receptors within cells the activated receptors alter gene expression which results in formation of new proteins - thus creating altered cell activity
61
Name me the series of action of water soluble hormones:
they alter cell function by activating plasma membrane receptors when hormones binds to cell membrane receptors, it sets of cascade of events
62
hormonal interactions: Name the 3 effects "P.S.A"
Permissive effect Synergistic effect Antagonistic effect
63
def: permissive effect
The actions of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone
64
Def: Synergistic effect
Some hormones work more effectively when a second hormone is present to assist them
65
Def: Antagonistic effect
Some hormones oppose the action of others
66
What is hormone secretion regulated by
signals from nervous system Chemical changes in blood other hormones
67
Fill in the blank: Most hormone regulation is achieved via __________________
Negative feedback
68
What type of hormones does the hypothalamus? what do they do
releasing and inhibiting hormones. They control the release of hormones by the pituitary gland They reach the pituitary gland via the hypophyseal portal system
69
Name the 7 hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary "F.L.A.T Pi.G.M"
F - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) L - Luteinizing Hormone (LH) A - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) T - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Pi - Prolactin (PRL) G - Growth Hormone (GH)
70
Name the posterior pituitary hormones(2 of them)
Oxcytocin(OT) and Antiduretic Hormone(ADH)
71
where is the thyroid gland located
inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea
72
what 3 hormones are produced in the thyroid gland
T4, T3, and calcatonin
73
Function for Calcitonin hormone
it inhibits osteoclast activities therefore DECREASING calcium in blood
74
What do thyroid hormones do?
increases basal metabolic rate(BMR) stimulate protein synthesis increases energy use work with hGH and insulin to accelerate body growth
75
Where are the parathryoid glands located
embedded on the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid
76
What hormone does the parathyroid glands make? what's its function
Parathyroid hormone(PTH) it regulates homeostasis of calcium and phosphate
77
What hormones does the Anterior pituitary gland release?
GHRH, TRH, GnRH, PRH, CRH, GHIH, dopamine
78
what hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?
Oxytocin, ADH
79
What hormones does the thyroid gland release?
T3, T4, calcitonin
80
Function of calcitonin of PTH
calcitonin decreases calcium PTH increases calcium

Anatomy FINALS (7 decks)

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