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Psychology > Ch2&11 Albert > Flashcards

Ch2&11 Albert Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

case study vs longitudinal study

A

case study focuses on less individuals while longitudinal focuses on larger population

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2
Q

cohort effect

A

differences among generations of people in a population (~longitudinal design)

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3
Q

hawthorne effect

A

how behavior may change when it is being observed

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4
Q

forer effect

A

how people rate general descriptions of personality as highly accurate (aka horoscopes)

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5
Q

placebo effect

A

when given a placebo, people tend to report feeling better (even though it’s a fake)

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6
Q

flynn effect

A

steady increase in average performance on intelligence tests in industrialized societies

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7
Q

random assignment

A

when participants are assigned to either the experimental/control group randomly (selecting every 5th person for experimental)

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8
Q

random sample

A

where participants are chosen at random to participate in the study (sending invitations to all homes with 8 in address)

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9
Q

representative sample

A

where the participants for the study are purposely chosen from a variety of backgrounds (controls confounding variables)

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10
Q

stratified sampling vs random selection

A

stratified sampling - researcher first divides population into target groups and determines what percentage of sample should belong to each group

vs

random selection - single group of subjects selected by chance

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11
Q

purpose for using inferential statistics

A

they determine whether psychological research can be generalized to a larger population

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12
Q

random assignment vs random selection

A
  1. random assignment - every participant in study has equal chance of being in experimental/control group
  2. random selection - all members in population have equal chance of being in study
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13
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions (of yours and others)

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14
Q

who invented stanford-binet test?

A

lewis terman

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15
Q

who invented triarchic theory of analytical, personal and creative intelligence?

A

robert sternberg

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16
Q

which theorist would argue that intelligence is a single, innate quality that can be measured by standardized intelligence tests?

A

Lewis Terman (invented Stanford-Binet test and first large-scale intelligence test)

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17
Q

which was first modern day intelligence test?

1) binet-simon
2) stanford-binet

A

binet-simon was first test, determined whether or not a child would benefit from extra help due to their mental score

stanford-binet was revised formula to calculate IQ score

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18
Q

who created intelligence test that is currently used MOST often?

A

david weschler (WAIS, WISC)

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19
Q

robert sternberg 3 types of intelligence

A
  1. practical (street smarts)
  2. analytical (book smarts)
  3. creative
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20
Q

projective test and example

A

when a subject’s interpretation of image is analyzed by a researcher

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21
Q

explain each validity

  1. external
  2. construct
  3. convergent
  4. content
  5. face
A
  1. researcher’s ability to generalize the conclusions they make from experiment
  2. how well a test measured what it claims to measure
  3. whether a test delivers similar results as other similar tests
  4. whether test measures all parts of psychological construct
  5. if test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure
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22
Q

achievement test vs intelligence test

A
  1. achievement - measures what someone has learned

2. intelligence - measures someone’s mental aptitudes and compares them to others (numerical score)

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23
Q

objective vs subjective tests

A
  1. objective - scored easily by machine (MMPI, MBTI)

2. subjective - individuals given ambiguous figure to analyze (TAT, RIT)

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24
Q

inter-rather reliability (subjective test)

A

measure of how similarly 2 diff people would score a test

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25
* * criterion validity = predictive validity | * * content validity = construct validity
remember these
26
intelligence is influenced by
ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt to new situations
27
IQ formula
MA/CA x 100
28
terman believed that intelligence was largely _____
innate
29
intellectual disability IQ score
scores 30 pets below average
30
giftedness IQ score
30 pts above average
31
standardization sample
large sample of test takers who represent population for which test is intended (normal curve)
32
Galton (scientist)
1. “nature vs nurture” | 2. smarter ppl should breed
33
Alfred Binet
1. identities French school children in need of assistance | 2. Binet-Simon approach
34
Lewis Terman
1. Stanford-Binet test 2. longitudinal tests 3. IQ
35
William Stern
1. also IQ formula
36
Wechsler
1. WAIS (most widely used intelligence test, contains verbal/nonverbal tests) 2. deviation IQ
37
savant syndrome-
individuals who have remarkable talent even though mental slow in other domains (g factor isn’t reliable!!)
38
psychometric tradition
those who have been interested in developing tests to measure mental abilities (IQ tests, SATs, personality tests)
39
Charles Spearman
1. proved that individuals scores on diff tests are often parallel to each other (“general intelligence”)
40
Charles Spearman | g-factor
innate feature, born with it (ex: athleticism)
41
Raymond Cattell
general intelligence = 1. crystallized (ability to store/receive info) 2. fluid (ability to see complex relationships and solve problems)
42
Howard Gardner (explain each) 1. linguistic 2. logical-mathematical 3. spatial 4. musical 5. bodily kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal
1. vocab, reading comprehension 2. math/logic problems 3. mental images of objects 4. ability to perform using rhythms, pitches 5. controlled movement: dancer, surgeon 6. understand other ppl 7. know oneself, self-identity
43
who created interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences?
Daniel Goleman
44
Rosenthal/Jacobson | self-fulfilling prophecy (the Pygmalion Effect)
observations or behaviors that result primarily from expectations
45
Henry Goddard
believed intelligence was inherited trait
46
heritability
amount of trait variation within a group raised under same environment
47
Arthur Jensen (nature)
racial differences in IQ have genetic basis
48
Scarr & Weinberg | nurture
compared black/white children living in similar environment | = no differences in IQ
49
empirical investigation
research that relies on observations
50
5 steps of scientific method:
1. developing hypothesis 2. performing controlled test (IV) 3. collecting objective data (DV) 4. accepting/rejecting hypothesis 5. publishing, criticizing, replicating results
51
3 types of variables:
1. confounding/extraneous - have unwanted influence on outcome 2. IV 3. DV
52
random assignment
each subject of sample has equal likelihood of being chosen for experimental/control group of experiment
53
ex-post facto
when subjects are chosen based on a pre-existing condition
54
correlation coefficient
between -1 and 1
55
longitudinal study
one group is followed and observed for extended period of time
56
cross-sectional study
when cross section of the population is tested at specific increments
57
cohort sequential study
when cross section of the population is followed and taken multiple measurements from during a long period of time (yields better data!!)
58
what are the variables for causation?
1. controlled group 2. IV 3. random assignment
59
2 types of confounding variables
1. participant relevant - if person is taller, faster, stronger 2. situation relevant - environment; if test starts late
60
1. scatter plots depict ___ | 2. bar graphs depict ___
1. correlation | 2. ex post facto
61
does naturalistic observation explain behavior?
no, only describes it
62
operational definition
statement of the procedures in which a researcher is going to measure
63
frequency distribution
summary chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores occurs
64
histogram
bad graph depicting frequency distribution
65
descriptive statistics
statistical procedures used to describe characteristics/responses of groups of subjects
66
2 types of descriptive statistics
1. measure of central tendency | 2. measure of variability
67
3 types of central tendency
1. mean 2. median 3. mode
68
2 measures of variability
1. range | 2. standard deviation
69
z score
how many standard deviations away (+1,-2)
70
inferential statistics
statistical techniques used to prove whether results are reliable or results of chance (compare 2 groups)
71
random sample
sample group of subjects selected by chance (ex: picking out of hat)
72
representative sample
sample reflects distribution of important variables (ex: age, ethnicity)
73
significant difference
difference is real when chance is less than 5%
74
illusory correlation
perceived non-existent correlation | ex: gambling, favorite pen = good grades
75
what does “regression towards mean” mean?
tendency for scores to average out
76
meta analysis
research strategy where researchers examine the results of several previous studies (ex: high school research papers)
77
how to control variables?
samples
78
demand characteristics
when subjects pick up cues during an experiment and modify their behavior
79
type 1 and type 2 errors
1. type 1 (permanently wrong) | 2. type 2 (missing something that is there)

Psychology (3 decks)

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