ch.2 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
atom
A
the smallest stable unit of matter, composed of subatomic particles
2
Q
protons
A
positively charged, found in the nucleus
3
Q
electrons
A
negatively charged, found in shells
4
Q
neutrons
A
neutral charge, found in the nucleus
5
Q
isotope
A
element with same number of protons, different number of neutrons
6
Q
mass number
A
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
7
Q
ionic bond
A
bonds created by the attractions between negative and positive ions
8
Q
covalent bond
A
bonds created when atoms share electrons
9
Q
cation
A
- electron donor
- loses electron
- positively charged
10
Q
anion
A
- electron acceptor
- accepts electron
- negatively charged
11
Q
non-polar covalent bond
A
equal sharing of electrons
12
Q
polar covalent bond
A
unequal sharing of electrons
13
Q
hydrogen bond
A
bond between hydrogen and an atom of oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine
14
Q
decomposition reactions
A
break molecules into smaller fragments
15
Q
synthesis reactions
A
assemble larger molecules from smaller molecules
16
Q
exchange reactions
A
rearrange existing components of molecules into new products
17
Q
reversible reactions
A
two reactions taking place at once
18
Q
name the reaction:
AB -> A + B
A
decomposition
19
Q
name the reaction:
A + B -> AB
A
synthesis
20
Q
name the reaction:
AB + CD -> AD + CB
A
exchange
21
Q
name the reaction:
A + B <-> AB
A
reversible
22
Q
enzymes
A
catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions and therefore speed up the reaction
23
Q
inorganic compounds
A
do not contain carbon in bonds to hydrogen
24
Q
organic compounds
A
- contain carbon in bonds to hydrogen
- ex. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
25
4 properties of water
universal solvent, reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication
26
water as a universal solvent
many molecules an compounds are water soluble
27
reactivity of water
in our body chemical reactions take place in water
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high heat capacity of water
- remains liquid over a broad range of temperatures
- freezing and boiling temperatures are far apart
- carries a lot of heat when it evaporates
- changes temperature slowly
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lubrication of water
water reduces friction between opposing surfaces
30
pH
the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
31
acidic pH
- 0-7
- more H, less OH
32
basic pH
- 7-14
- more OH, less H
33
acids
- any solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
- proton donor
34
dissociation of strong acids and bases
dissociate completely in solution
35
bases
- any solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution
- proton aceptor
36
dissociation of weak acids and bases
do not dissociate completely in solution
37
salt
an ionic compound that dissociates in water into cations and anions
38
buffers
- compounds that stabilize the p H of solutions
- can neutralize acids or bases and prevent fluctuations in pH
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monomers
identical subunits that can join to form a polymer
40
polymers
a large molecule consisting of a long chain of monomer subunits
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importance of amino group, NH2
- acts as a base
- accepting H+
- can form bonds with other molecules
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importance of carboxyl group, COOH
- acts as an acid
- releases H+
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importance of hydroxyl group, OH
may link molecules through dehydration synthesis
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importance of phosphate group, PO4
may store energy in high-energy bonds
45
carbohydrates
- organic molecules that include C, H, and O
- most important energy source
46
monosaccharides
- simple sugars: glucose and fructose
- hydrophilic
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disaccharides
- hydrophilic
- two monosaccharides joined together
- sucrose: table sugar
48
polysaccharides
- polymers of monosaccharides
- hydrophobic
- cellulose, starch, glycogen
49
lipids
- organic macromolecules which contain C and H
- structural components of cells and energy storage molecules
50
3 types of carbohydrates
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides
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6 types of lipids
- fatty acids
- eicosanoids
- glycerides
- steroids
- phospholipds
- glycolipds
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fatty acids
long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end
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saturated fatty acids
have no double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail
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unsaturated fatty acids
one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon tail
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eicosanoids
- lipids derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid
- leukotrienes & prostaglandins
56
prostaglandins
used as chemicals for local communication in tissues (pain)
57
leukotrienes
active in the immune system in response to injury and disease
58
glycerides
consist of fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
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types of glycerides
- monoglyceride
- diglyceride
- triglyceride
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triglyceride functions
- energy source and energy reserve
- insulation to slow heat loss
- protection by cushioning vital organs
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steroids
large lipid molecules that have a distinct four-ringed carbon structures (ex. cholesterol)
62
phospholipid
contain a diglyceride attached to a phosphate group and a nonlipid group
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glycolipid
contain a diglyceride attached to a
carbohydrate
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proteins
- organic macromolecules which contain C, H,
O, and N
- most abundant and important organic molecules in the body
- monomer: amino acids
65
7 function of proteins
- support
- movement for muscle contraction and cells
- transport substances in blood and in cells
- buffering to prevent changes in pH
- metabolic regulation
- coordination
- immune defense
66
protein structure
- amino acids
- peptide bond links amino acids through dehydration synthesis
67
structure of amino acids
- amino group
- central carbon
- carboxyl group
- r group
68
primary protein structure
the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
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secondary protein structure
the shape that results from hydrogen bonds that form between amino acids; may result in alpha helixes or beta-sheets
70
tertiary protein structure
coiling and folding due to interactions between the R groups that result in the protein’s final three-dimensional shape
71
quaternary protein structure
interaction between two or more polypeptide chains which results in a protein complex
72
globular proteins
- soluble in water
- shape is based on tertiary structure
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fibrous proteins
- insoluble in water
- shape is based on secondary or quaternary
structures
74
nucleic acids
- large organic molecules composed of C,
H, O, N, and P
- monomers: nucleotides
75
types of nucleic acids
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
76
nucleotide structure
- phosphate group
- sugar
- nitrogenous base
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purines vs pyrimidines
purines: adenine & guanine
pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil
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DNA structure
- C binds to G
- A binds to T
- formed by hydrogen bonds
- pair of nucleotide strands
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RNA structure
- C binds to G
- A binds to U
- single nucleotide chain
80
3 types of RNA
- messenger RNA (mRNA)
- transfer RNA (tRNA)
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
81
RNA function
protein synthesis
82
DNA function
stores genetic info
83
high-energy compounds
- derived from nucleotides
- contain covalent bonds
- breaking of bonds releases energy the cell can use
84
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
organic substrate which consists of a nucleotide and one phosphate group
85
4 types of high-energy compounds
- adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
- adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
- adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
86
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
a nucleotide with two phosphate groups
87
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- a nucleotide with three phosphate groups
- the most important high-energy compound and energy storage molecule in the body
88
adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
enzyme that catalyzes the break down of ATP to ADP
