ch2 Flashcards by Rojj Vasti Buenviaje

Early humans migrated to the Philippines during the Pleistocene
Epoch via land bridges connecting the islands to mainland Asia. They
likely traveled from Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula through
the Sundaland landmass.

Pre-Colonial Period

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pre-colonial period

Stone Age
Stone Age : Neolithic
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Protohistoric Period

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Pre-Colonial Period
Stone Age

Homo Luzonensis
Tabon Man
Stone Tools
Stone Tool Flakes

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The small-bodied hominin lived on
the island of Luzon at least 50,000 to
67,000 years ago. Identified from a total
of seven teeth and six small bones.

Homo Luzonensis

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Discovered in 2007 at Callao Cave,
Peñablanca, Cagayan Valley, Luzon,
Philippines by a team led by Dr. Armand
Mijares. Also called as Callao Man.

Homo Luzonensis

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Fossilized remains of early modern
humans (Homo sapiens) discovered in
Tabon Cave, Palawan by Dr. Robert Fox
and a team from National Museum in
1962.

Tabon Man

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These remains are among the
earliest evidence of human presence in
the Philippines, dating back 47,000 years
ago.

Tabon Man

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These were identified as scrapers, axes, points, knives, and hammers
used in Paleolithic Period and were found in Tabon Cave, Palawan.

Stone Tools

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Excavated from Rizal and Kalinga,
these tools were associated with
butchered ____ remains.

rhinoceros

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A unique proto-handaxe made
from __, from General Tinio,
Nueva Ecija.

chert

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made from Chert, a
sedimentary rock composed of
microcrystalline

Tool flakes

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Found in Awidon Mesa Formation, a
400-meter-thick geological formation in
the Cagayan Valley of the Philippines. This
was dated in Paleolithic Period.

Stone Tool Flakes

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Jars made from pottery were used
for ___. (Earthenwares)

burial

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a National Cultural
Treasure discovered by Dr. Robert Fox in
1964 at Chamber A of Tabon Cave.

Manunggul Jar

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This period marked the use of
bronze tools, weapons, and ornaments,
were acquired through trade with China
and Southeast Asia.

Pre-Colonial Period
Bronze Age

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A notable artifact from this period (bronze) is the ___, a circular ear ornament
made of bronze, jade, or gold, symbolizing
status and cultural connections with
neighboring civilizations.

lingling-o

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Early Filipinos adopted iron tools
and weapons through Austronesian
migration and trade with South China
and India.

Materials linked to iron smelting
include lime, charcoal and coal, and
coke.

Pre-Colonial Period
Iron Age

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Iron Age
Social Structure

Datu
Timawa
Oripun/Alipin

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Leaders who governed
communities.

Datu

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Warriors, farmers, and
traders.

Timawa

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Served the ruling
class

Oripun/Alipin

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2 types of Oripun/Alipin

Alipin namamahay
* Alipin sagigilid

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Widely used by coastal groups
since 16th century, were often inscribed
on leaves using pigments, or on bamboos
using sharp objects for engraving.

This was eventually replaced by the
Roman alphabet but retained in the
islands of Mindoro and Palawan until
today.

Baybayin (during Protohistoric Period)

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Constructed by the Ifugao and
recognized as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site, it showcased advanced
agricultural engineering.

It follows the natural contours
of the mountains to efficiently irrigate
rice fields with water from nearby
forests.

Rice Terraces of Banaue (during Protohistoric Period)

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A large, swift warship used by precolonial Filipinos, particularly the Visayans, for raiding, trade, and naval warfare

Caracoa (during Protohistoric Period)

or the walled city of Manila, was the center of Spanish governance and the heart of colonial administration.

Intramuros

(Spanish Colonial Period) Fortifications were built to defend against invasions like ____ and ____.

Fort Santiago and Baluarte de San Diego

During the Spanish colonial period, churches became central to both religious and social life in the Philippines, often blending European architectural styles (Baroque) with local influences. (t or f)

Spanish Colonial Period churches

Miagao Church, Miagao, Iloilo Paoay Church, Paoay, Ilocos Norte

Primarily focused on religious instruction, with the Catholic Church playing a central role in shaping the educational system.

Education (during Spanish Colonial Period)

Spanish Colonial Period schools

1. Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595) 2. Colegio de San Ignacio, Manila (1595) 3. University of Santo Tomas, Manila (1611) 4. Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Manila (1640) 5. Ateneo de Manila University (1859)

Spanish Colonial Period Education Filipinos were sent abroad to study.

1. Jose Rizal 2. Graciano Lopez Jaena 3. José Alejandrino

National hero who studied medicine in Madrid, Paris, and Germany

Jose Rizal

In 1879, moved to Madrid, Spain, where he studied medicine at the Central University of Madrid but was unable to complete his degree due to financial difficulties.

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Former senator who studied in Spain and at the University of Ghent, earning a degree in chemical engineering with distinction. In Spain, he actively joined the Propaganda Movement.

José Alejandrino

A Spanish colonial policy in the Philippines that aimed to relocate indigenous populations from scattered rural settlements into centralized towns called pueblos

Reducción System

Introduced in the late 16th century, it was designed to facilitate Christianization, taxation, and colonial governance.

Reducción System

Introduced in the Philippines in 1571 by Miguel López de Legazpi. It granted Spanish officials, called encomenderos, control over a specific area and its inhabitants.

Encomienda System (Colonial Policy)

were responsible for collecting tribute, maintaining peace, and spreading Christianity.

encomenderos

Spanish Colonial Period Social Structure

Peninsulares Insulares Spanish Mestizos Principalia Sangleys Indios Negritos and other Indigenous Groups

Spanish Colonial Period Government Structure

king of spain (The colonial Goverment) The executive branch (Governor General) The Judical branch (Royal audencia, residencia, lower courts, governor general) provincial goverment ALCALDIA (alcalde mayor) Municipal goverment CORRIGIEMENTO (Corrregidor) City goverment AYUTAMENTO (Cablido) pueblos or towns (gobernadorcillos) BARRIOS (Cabeza de barangay) CABILDO City council - ALcalde -regidores - aguacil mayor - escribando barrios (Cabeza de barangay)

the Father of Philippine Pharmacy, were among the first graduate of Pharmacy at University of Santo Thomas in 1876. He was the first licensed Filipino Pharmacist and made significant contributions to pharmaceutical science and medicinal plant research

Leon Ma. Guerrero (medicine during Spanish Colonial Period)

In 1887, the _____ was created by decree. Its main functions were to conduct biochemical analyses for public health and to undertake specimen examinations for clinical and medico-legal cases.

Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila (Medicine during Spanish Colonial Period)

showing scientific studies being done during that time

Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas

The ____ opened in 1889. This led to the scientific approach to farming. Agricultural production increased due to modernized way in farming.

Manila School of Agriculture (agriculture during Spanish Colonial Period)

Philippine ports were opened that resulted to exports of Philippine products. ___ continued from 1565 to 1813.

Galleon Trade (transportation during Spanish Colonial Period)

In transportation, __ and ___ were among the vehicles on the road.

calesa, tramways (during Spanish Colonial Period)

The ___ introduced a free public school system, allowing children from all social classes to access education.

Americans

English became the medium of instruction. The ___ was founded in 1908, which became a center for scientific learning.

University of the Philippines (UP) (during American Colonial Period)

The ___ (1901) was established, serving as the first scientific research institution in the country. Focus was given to disease control, particularly on tuberculosis, cholera, and malaria.

Bureau of Science (during American Colonial Period)

The ____ modernized with research on sugarcane production.

Philippine Sugar Industry (Agricultural and Industrial Development during American Colonial Period)

The ___ (1935) was created to plan economic policies.

National Economic Council (Agricultural and Industrial Development during American Colonial Period)

The ___ was established in 1958 to promote science and research (now the Department of Science and Technology - DOST)

National Science Development Board (NSDB) (science during Post-Commonwealth Era)

Post-Commonwealth Era Government Corporations

National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) National Economic Council (NEC) National Development Company (NDC) National Abaca and Other Fibers Corporation (NAFCO)

developed hydroelectric power and energy resources.

National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR)

managed economic policies and industrial growth.

National Economic Council (NEC)

boosted trade and local industries.

National Development Company (NDC)

focused on abaca (Manila hemp) production, an important export crop.

National Abaca and Other Fibers Corporation (NAFCO)

Marcos Era and Martial Law

1. Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (PCAR) in 1972 2. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in 1972 3. National Grains Authority in 1972. 4. Bataan Nuclear Power Plant in 1976

Fifth Republic (1986 to Present)

Corazon Aquino Fidel Ramos Joseph Estrada Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Benigno Aquino Rodrigo Duterte

NSTA was replaced by Department of Science and Technology (DOST), a member of a cabinet.

Corazon Aquino

Science and Technology was a vital move to achieve the status of new industrialized country (NIC).

Fidel Ramos

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, giving protection to the environment and the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 outlaws computer hacking and protects e-commerce.

Joseph Estrada

The "Golden Age of Science and Technology" by DOST Secretary Estrella Alabastro, due to significant advancements in research, innovation, and development.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

In 2012, Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazard) was launched as the Philippines' flagship disaster risk reduction program.

Benigno Aquino

Expanded space research, disaster resilience, and medical innovation, but underfunding, political priorities, and policy inconsistencies limited longterm scientific progress.

Rodrigo Duterte