CH2 Cards -Part 3 dos Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
The _________ Processes are used to define the requirements for a system, to transform the requirements into an effective product, to permit consistent reproduction of the product where necessary, to use the product, to provide the required services, to sustain the provision of those services and to dispose of the product when it is retired from service.
A
Technical
2
Q
__________ Processes enable SE practitioners to coordinate the interactions between engineering specialists, other engineering disciplines, acquirers, operators, manufacturing/production and other system stakeholders.
A
Technical
3
Q
____________ Processes also address conformance with the expectations and legislated requirements of society. These processes lead to the creation of a necessary and sufficient set of needs and requirements as well as resulting system solutions that address the needed capabilities within the bounds of performance, environment, external interfaces, ethical norms, societal expectations, regulations, and design constraints.
A
Technical
4
Q
RE: Technical Processes in Context Diagram…
1. While the figure depicts the series of transformations in a linear fashion, in practice the Technical Processes are intended to be practiced ___________, iteratively, and recursively as the project team moves down the layers of the system architecture.
A
concurrently
5
Q
RE: Technical Processes in Context Diagram..
2. The _____________ process is applied from the beginning of the project, managing the integrated system as the project team traverses the system architecture. The project team is assessing the behavior of the system as a function of these interactions and looking for emerging properties-both good and bad-which is a key activity involved in ____________ Management (see Section 3.2.4).
A
Integration, Interface
6
Q
RE: Technical Processes in Context Diagram..
3. Following each transformation, the output artifacts are verified against the system requirements via the __________ process to ensure the output artifacts’ transformation was “right” as defined by their requirements.
A
Verification
7
Q
RE: Technical Processes in Context Diagram..
4. Following each transformation, the output artifacts are validated against the stakeholder needs and requirements via the Validation process to ensure the output artifacts are the “right” artifacts as defined by the _______________ and ________________.
A
stakeholder needs and requirements.
8
Q
RE: Technical Processes in Context Diagram..
5. Once the Sol has been deployed and has entered into operations by its intended users, post-deployment ____________ is performed to help ensure the Sol remains the right Sol that meets the stakeholder real-world expectations
A
validation
9
Q
The purpose of the _______________ process is to define the overall strategic problem or opportunity, characterize the solution space, and determine potential solution class(es) that can address a problem or take advantage of an
opportunity.
A
Business or Mission Analysis
10
Q
The __________________process initiates the life cycle of the Sol by defining the problem or opportunity space; defining the mission, business, or operational problems or opportunities; identifying major stakeholders; characterizing the solution space by identifying environmental conditions and business constraints that bound the solution domain; identifying and prioritizing business needs; identifying and prioritizing business requirements, defining critical business success measures; developing preliminary life cycle concepts from the organizational perspectives
including operations, acquisition, deployment, support, and retirement; and evaluating alternative solution classes and selecting a preferred solution class.
A
Business or Mission Analysis
11
Q
Common approach and tip for the __________________ process is:
? Identify the enabling systems and materials needed for transition early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
A
Business or Mission Analysis
12
Q
During the _______________ process, business managers are responsible for nominating key stakeholders and are often responsible for establishing a stakeholder register and means of exchanging information. It is fundamentally a business management function to ensure stakeholders are available and able to contribute to the system development activities for the Sol-stakeholders are often occupied in other business operations activities and must be authorized in terms of both budget and time to expend the needed effort and resources on other than their current operational tasks.
A
Business or Mission Analysis
13
Q
It is important to identify the business needs and business requirements associated with needed capabilities, functionality, performance, and security as well as risk and compliance with standards and regulations. Business needs exist at several levels of abstraction, and can be communicated in several forms, such as the mission statement, goals, objectives, critical success measures, use cases, user stories, and individual need statements. Together, the business needs, business requirements, and critical business success measures communicate what is “necessary for _____________” at the business level.
A
acceptance
14
Q
Life cycle concepts address not only the concepts for the Sol during operations by the intended users in the operational environment, but also includes the concepts required to address the business needs, business requirements, critical business success measures, and higher-level stakeholder needs and stakeholder-owned system requirements across the system life cycle. Preliminary life cycle concepts are established and assured through the Business or Mission Analysis process to the extent needed to define the ____________ or opportunity space and characterize
the ____________ space.
A
problem, solution
15
Q
What concept describes the way the organization will operate to achieve its missions, goals, and objectives. It captures how the system will potentially impact the acquiring and other organizations. “This concept describes the organization’s assumptions or intent in regard to an overall operation or series of operations of the business with using the system to be developed, existing systems and possible future systems. It also describes the higher-level system in which the Sol must operate.
A
Concept of operations ( ConOps )
16
Q
What concept describes the way the system will be used during operations, for what purpose, in its operational environment by its intended users and does not enable unintended users to negatively impact the intended use of the system nor allow unintended users from using the system in unintended ways. It provides a user-oriented perspective that describes system characteristics of the to-be-delivered system. It’s used to communicate overall quantitative and qualitative system characteristics to the acquirer, user, supplier and other organizational elements.
A
Operational concept (OpsCon)
17
Q
What concept, for solutions that will be procured from a supplier, describes the way the system will be acquired including aspects such as stakeholder engagement, needs definition, requirements definition, design, production, verification, validation, and contract deliverables. The supplier enterprise(s) may need to develop more detailed concepts for production, assembly, verification, validation, transport of system, and/or system elements. For solutions that will be provided internal to the organization, the this concept will include a production concept that describes the way the system will be developed and produced
A
Acquisition concept
18
Q
What concept describes the way the system will be delivered, integrated into its operational environment, and introduced into operations, including deployment considerations when the system will be integrated with other systems that are in operation and/or replace any systems in operation.
A
Deployment concept
19
Q
What concept describes the logistics, desired support infrastructure and staffing considerations for supporting the system after it is deployed. This concept would address operating support, engineering support, maintenance support, supply support, training support, and post-deployment verification and validation.
A
Support concept
20
Q
What concept describes the way the system will be removed from operation and retired, including the disposal of any hazardous materials used in or resulting from the process and any legal obligations-for example, regarding IP rights protection, any external financial/ownership interests, sustainability, environmental impacts, and security concerns.
A
Retirement Concept
21
Q
These preliminary life cycle concepts are defined first at the organizational level, to the extent required at that level, for the identified solution classes that address the problem or opportunity. The preliminary life cycle concepts are then elaborated and refined through the______________________ process.
A
Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition
22
Q
There will be uncertainties (see Section 1.4.1) in the preliminary life cycle concepts. Uncertainties can be related to differing stakeholder perspectives, business factors, market, management, technical performance, schedule, development and production costs, operations and support costs, security, and sustainability. These uncertainties are a source of risk. Each of these uncertainties need to be addressed using the_______________ process (Section 2.3.4.4) in conjunction with the rest of the _____________ Processes
A
Risk Management, Technical
23
Q
The purpose of the _____________________ process is to define the stakeholder needs and requirements for a system that can provide the capabilities needed by users and other stakeholders in a defined environment.
A
Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition
24
Q
Successful projects depend on meeting the stakeholder real-world ____________ as communicated by the needs and requirements of the stakeholders throughout the system life cycle. A stakeholder is any entity (individual or organization) with a legitimate interest in the system.
A
expectations
25
The focus of the _________________________ process is on elaboration of the preliminary the life cycle concepts, on the stakeholder needs transformed from those concepts, and on the stakeholder requirements transformed from those needs.
Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition
26
The _____________________________ process elicits the operational use cases, scenarios, and life cycle concepts from stakeholders, identifies drivers and constraints, determines interactions with the operational and enabling systems, determines interactions with users and operators, characterizes the operational environment, and assesses risks
Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition
27
The life cycle concepts are analyzed, matured, and transformed into a set of stakeholder ______. These _____ are analyzed and transformed into a set of stakeholder requirements for the Sol.
needs, needs
28
The stakeholder requirements drive and constrain the ______ space. ____________ between the life cycle concepts, stakeholder needs, and stakeholder requirements is established as part of this process.
solution, traceability
29
Stakeholder ______________ govern the Sol's development and are an essential factor in further defining or clarifying the scope of the development project and elaborating on what is "necessary for acceptance."
requirements
30
Common approach and tip for the __________________ process is:
Identify the enabling systems and materials needed for transition early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition
31
Verified and validated stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements are drivers and constraints for the majority of the system life cycle Technical Processes. Depending on the system development model, life cycle concepts definition,
and maturation, the stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements capture should be conducted at the beginning of the development cycle and assessed as a _______, _______, and ________ activity as the project team moves
recursively through the system architecture and across all life cycle activities.
continuous, concurrent, and iterative
32
The reason for eliciting and analyzing the life cycle concepts, stakeholder needs, and stakeholder requirements is to understand the ____________ of stakeholders
well enough to support the System Requirements Definition processes.
expectations
33
Identify Stakeholders. One of the biggest challenges in system development is the identification of the set of stakeholders from whom life cycle concepts, needs, and requirements are elicited. When identifying stakeholders, take into account those who may be affected by, are able to influence, or will _________ the life cycle stages of the Sol,
support
34
There also may be stakeholders who oppose the system. These detractors of the system are first considered in establishing consensus needs. Beyond this, they are
addressed through the ______________ process, the threat analysis of the system, or the system requirements for security, adaptability, agility, or resilience.
Risk Management
35
Elicit or Derive Stakeholder Needs and Stakeholder Requirements. Determining stakeholder needs and requirements requires the integration of a number of disparate views, which may not necessarily be harmonious. It is important to have
a "___________" path in the establishment of stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements, since the stakeholder expectations and the life cycle concepts may be in conflict, incomplete, ambiguous, infeasible, or unable to be satisfied collectively
within project constraints. There will often be prioritization of competing concerns, or even outright rejection of some stakeholder concerns because of inconsistencies with other stakeholders' needs and requirements or a lack of feasibility.
reconcile
36
Each of the stakeholder's views of the needed systems can be translated to a _______________ system description that is understood by all participants,
common
37
The output of the _______________________ process should be sufficient definition of the life cycle concepts, stakeholder needs, and stakeholder requirements to gain authorization and continuing funding for through the Portfolio Management process. The output should also provide necessary technical definition to the Acquisition process
Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition
38
The life cycle concepts help the project team understand the context within
which the needs and requirements are captured and __________.
defined
39
Development of preliminary life cycle concepts were introduced in the Business or Mission Analysis process. These life cycle concepts need to be refined as part of the _________________________ process.
Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition
40
The primary objective of the development of life cycle concepts is to ensure that stakeholder needs and requirements are clearly understood. Other objectives:
? To provide ____________ between stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements and their source.
? To establish a holistic understanding of the capabilities needed to address the problem or opportunity in terms of people, process, and products.
? To establish a basis for needs and requirements to _________ the system
? To establish a basis for design, system verification, and system validation planning across the life cycle
? To assess interactions of the Sol with users and its operating environment
? To provide the basis for analysis of system performance
? To ________ needs and requirements
traceability, support, validate
41
During the development of the preliminary life cycle concepts as part of the Business or Mission Analysis process, there may have been uncertainties from several perspectives including business, market, management, technical performance, schedule, development and production costs, operations and support costs, security, and sustainability. These uncertainties are a source of _____. Each of these uncertainties must be addressed during the Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition process and further elaborated during the __________________ Process.
risk, Systems Requirements Definition
42
The life cycle concepts, stakeholder needs, and stakeholder requirements should be recorded and managed within the project _________ in a form that allows _____________ between the life cycle concepts and the resulting stakeholder needs and requirements
database, traceability
43
The purpose of the _________________ process is to transform the stakeholder, user-oriented view of desired capabilities into a technical view of a solution that meets the operational needs of the user.
System Requirements Definition
44
System requirements are the foundation of _____________ definition and form the basis for the System Architecture Definition, Design Definition, Integration, and Verification processes.
system
45
Each requirement carries a ________, so the system requirements should be the minimum set necessary and sufficient to realize the intent of the stakeholder
needs and requirements.
cost
46
The ______________ process generates system requirements from a technical perspective using the stakeholder needs and requirements that reflect the stakeholders' perspectives.
System Requirements Definition
47
Typically, the later in the project that changes are introduced to the system requirements, the greater the ______ is to cost and schedule. Where there is more uncertainty in the requirements, the uncertainty should be managed until the requirements mature.
impact
48
The outputs of ______________process must be traceable and consistent with the life cycle concepts and stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements, without introducing unnecessary implementation biases. This process adds the verification criteria to each system requirement as it is derived.
System Requirements Definition
49
Common and approach and tip for the _________________ process is to identify the enabling systems and materials needed for transition early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
System Requirements Definition
50
The set of stakeholder requirements are Sol requirements written from the stakeholders' perspectives to represent what they require of the Sol in order to meet their needs. The set of system requirements represent the technical perspective of what the Sol must meet during the______________ Definition and __________ Definition processes that will result in a system that meets the stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements.
System Architecture, Design
51
For smaller, internal projects, the set of stakeholder requirements could be
used as the set of ____________ requirements, depending on how much analysis went into the definition of the set of stakeholder requirements such that their implementation will result in the stakeholder needs to be met.
system
52
The supplier has an obligation to do an assessment for derived system requirements and as well as requirements from other "non-acquirer" stakeholders. If the supplier blindly follows only the acquirer supplied requirements specified in their contract, they are likely to generate a Sol that may not work in the integrated system or operational environment, resulting in a system that fails system ____________.
validation
53
The_______________________ process should begin with a review
of the problem, threat, or opportunity for which the Sol is to address, and the mission, goals, objectives and critical success measures the project team will need to define the strategy to be used to transform the stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements, and derive an integrated set of system requirements resulting from these activities.
System Requirements Definition
54
The system requirements must address function, fit, form, _______, and ____________ with stakeholder and business needs.
quality, compliance
55
Definition of the system requirements is a complex process.When the requirements are defined, it is important that they are expressed at a level of _____________ that is appropriate to the Sol and systems hierarchy level to which they apply.
abstraction
56
System requirements are ___________ to the system elements
at the next level of the system hierarchy. Once the allocation has been determined, the system requirements are _______ (assigned) for the next system elements at the level of system hierarchy such that the intent of the allocated parent requirement is met.
allocated, derived
57
The System Requirements Definition process is repeated recursively for each level of the system hierarchy until the system elements are to the level of detail needed to be realized via a make (e.g., build, code), buy, or reuse decision. The resulting sets of system requirements for the system elements represent the ___________ baseline of the Sol.
allocated
58
Requirements Management encompasses those tasks that record and maintain the evolving requirements and associated context and historical information from the
requirements engineering activities. Requirements management also establishes procedures for defining, controlling, and publishing the baseline requirements for all levels of the Sol. The resulting sets of requirements are provided to the _______________ process process for baselining at the appropriate time. The Configuration Management process is used to establish and maintain configuration items and baselines. Requirements management also ensures _____________ is established between requirements and other artifacts
Configuration Management, traceability
59
Requirement statement characteristics (9) include:
- Necessary
- Appropriate
- Unambiguous
- Complete
- _____________
- Feasible
- Verifiable
- Correct
- ____________
Singular, Conforming
60
Requirement set characteristics (6) include:
- Complete
- ____________
- Feasible
- Comprehensible
- Able to be validated
- Correct
Consistent
61
The purpose of the _________________ process is to generate system architecture alternatives, select one or more alternative(s) that address stakeholder concerns and system requirements, and express this in consistent views and
models.
System Architecture Definition
62
The _________________ process provides information and data useful and necessary for identifying and characterizing the fundamental concepts and properties of the system and its elements.
System Architecture Definition
63
The relevant enabling systems and the Sol are considered together as a solution but are distinguished from each other in the overall solution conceptualization.
System architecture definition utilizes architectural principles and concepts to define the high-level structure of a system and its elements, and the intended properties and characteristics of the Sol. It incorporates incremental insights obtained about the emergent properties and behaviors of the Sol while achieving a balance for suitability, viability, effectiveness, and _________________.
affordability
64
The ______________________process is iterative and requires participation of architects, SE practitioners, and specialists in relevant domains, subject matter experts and other stakeholders. The process continues recursively through the levels of the system and its system elements, with consistent feedback
System Architecture Definition
65
Common approaches and tips for the ___________________ process include:
? Define the problem and the solution spaces with regard to the identified stakeholders
? Define the main principles governing the whole life cycle processes of a Sol, in the scope of the solution space.
? Identify the enabling systems and materials needed for transition early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
? Ensure that conflicting interests have been properly addressed.
? Use the Risk Management process to help ensure that the inherent risks associated with the use of new technologies are adequately assessed.
System Architecture Definition
66
3 "core" architecture processes for use by organizations and projects as outlined in the standard are:
- Architecture Conceptualization
- Architecture ______________
- Architecture Elaboration.
Evaluation
67
Architecture Description. ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 specifies the normative features of architecture frameworks, architecture description languages, and viewpoints and views as they pertain to architecture description. An architecture description language contains syntax and ____________ intended for describing the architecture and provides a way to create and understand view components.
semantics
68
Architecture Evaluation. ISO/IEC/IEEE 42030 provides a generic, conceptual guiding framework that can be used for the planning, execution, and documentation of architecture evaluations. The elements described in this standard can be used to determine architecture value, determine architectural characteristics, validate whether the architecture addresses current and future stakeholder needs with architecture assessment against defined stakeholder _____________ criteria, and also provide inputs to decisions made at the business, operational and tactical levels.
acceptance
69
Architecture Considerations. Per ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010, Stakeholder concerns, architecture aspects and stakeholder perspectives are kinds of architecture considerations. Architecture frameworks help identify views and ___________ to
characterize the architectures with regard to these considerations.
viewpoints
70
Kinds of Architecture Entities. Architecture is increasingly applied to systems and other entities that are not traditionally considered to be systems, such as enterprises, services, business functions, mission areas, product lines, families of systems, and ____________ items.
software
71
System Architecture vs System Design. The System Architecture Definition process focuses on the essential concepts, properties' structure, behaviors, and features that apply to the system solution. It helps gain insights into emergent properties. An effective architecture is as _____________ as possible to allow for maximum flexibility in the design trade space. The Design Definition process provides feedback to the System Architecture Definition process to consolidate or ____________ the allocation, partitioning, and alignment of architectural entities to system elements that comprise the system.
design-agnostic, confirm
72
[Architecture, Architecting] styles provide a set of proven approaches for those who create, commission, use, and evaluate architecture products. These can help key decision makers to be better informed on the use and limitations of the architecture.
Architecting
73
[Architecture, Architecting] styles is a set of design elements or principles or
properties or a generic pattern that provides guidance for the System Architecture Definition process. The set helps in identification and classification of architectures.
Architecture
74
Architecture [Style, Pattern] is a reusable, configurable architectural entity
comprising a minimal set of elements that is complete under certain aspects and exhibits rules for instantiation that is applicable for different situations.
Pattern
75
Architecture [Style, Pattern] has a fundamental structure of predefined elements and relationships, principles, rules and guidelines. They promote communication, streamline documentation, support high levels of reuse, improve architect's efficiency and productivity, and provide a starting point for additional ideas.
Pattern
76
Value and Quality. The goal is to deliver value to all stakeholders, which might correlate to quality factors deemed important. The perception of what is of value to stakeholder changes over time. This requires that sources of stakeholder value are determined, system capabilities are defined to produce or influence value, and _____________ that cause value degradation are identified.
vulnerabilities
77
Notion of Interface. The fundamental aspects of an interface are functional and defined as inputs and outputs of functions. ______________ is a stakeholder need and requirement, ensuring interfaces use open, well maintained and enduring standards is key to reduce future integration challenges.
Interoperability
78
Horizantal and vertical integration. System Architectures ensure that requirements allocated throughout the system's design process account for system elements and interfaces as the design matures. It is essential to maintain cognizance of the end-to-end system performance expectations when evaluating integration of the system elements, so that those elements continue to perform as needed. When a dynamic
relationship exists between one element in the system and another, there is an interdependency. This may involve relationships that are __________ or __________ in nature, or both
functional, physical
79
The purpose of the____________ process is to provide sufficient detailed data and information about the system and its elements to realize the solution in accordance with the system requirements and architecture.
Design Definition
80
The ________________ process results in sufficiently detailed data and information about the system and its elements to enable implementation consistent with architectural entities defined in models and views of the system architecture, in conformance with applicable system requirements. The design information and data will define the expected properties and characteristics allocated to each system element and enable transition toward their realization.
Design Definition
81
Common approaches and tips for the ____________ process.
? Identify the enabling systems and materials needed for transition early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
? It is important to maintain good communication and coordination between the SE practitioners and the various practitioners from other disciplines.
Design Definition
82
System [architecture, design] focuses on the essential concepts, properties, structure, behaviors and features that apply to the system solution, the system design ultimately will capture a description of the proposed system solution which is sufficiently detailed to enable its implementation.
architecture
83
System [architectue, design] focuses on system technical considerations such as the solution system elements, their interfaces and characteristics together with technological and other realization considerations such as materials, manufacture, software coding, and operator profiles.
design
84
____________ focuses on design processes and reasoning, together with the resulting design concept and their development, specialization and realization. It can have as important an influence on system design as Systems Thinking considerations which focus on taking a holistic, systemic view.
Design Thinking
85
_______________ are those factors which should most heavily influence the system design. They determine the overall design approaches that should be employed, the applicable design principles, and the specific specialty considerations which should be employed and integrated into a coherent overall system design.
Design drivers
86
In some situations, the _______________ attributes (e.g., safety, security, performance, dependability) will dominate the Design Definition process. Socio-technical systems, (e.g ., financial, legal, social, economic, political), as well as human factors
considerations, will often dominate the design of such systems.
non-functional
87
____________ (DFX) Design drivers concerning considerations such as testability (DFT) or manufacturability (DFM).
Design for X
88
A system design approach may originate from one or more sources:
? From requirements and constraints
? From the business or _________ problem
? From the system architecture
? From the Design Strategy
mission
89
In certain circumstances, system designs are required with high levels of special
characteristics such as _____________ or dependability and this is likely to require either the more stringent application of design practices or the usage of specific practices. Some of these characteristics may be externally regulated. Specific organizations (authorities) may have been delegated responsibility for identifying appropriate requirements and determining their satisfaction (often by independent means) by a system design.
integrity
90
Every technical domain or discipline possesses its peculiar laws, rules, theories, and practices for developing solution parts. Designing an overall system entails identifying where and how specific practices should be employed and integrated. Common and ____________ design descriptors should be employed across the system.
coherent
91
A design _____________ is the set of (1) design characteristics and (2) their possible values. They entail the identification and quantification of relevant ones for the system elements composing the system design. They may be determined through a combination of (1) top-down apportionment and allocation, and (2) bottom-up selection and measurement.
descriptor
92
System design starts with the system as a whole consisting of system elements and ends with a definition (i.e., design specification) for each of these system elements and how they are designed to work together as a complete system. The system architecture identifies the system elements, although the architecture description might only identify those elements that are architecturally significant with additional elements becoming evident as a result of more detailed design considerations. This concept if called ___________ Design.
Holistic
93
Techniques such as modeling, simulation, and ______________ can be employed to discover early problems in a system design with respect to stakeholder expectations before significant expenditure in effort and materials. Increasingly these make use of computer-based representations of the system design, including augmented and ____________ reality. Such validation techniques can be employed as part of different design process cycles including staged design and as part of an iterative design cycle.
prototyping, virtual
94
Design ___________ concerns the completeness, consistency, and inherent quality characteristics of a system design. This is important to the acquirer (and therefore also to the supplier) as a system design evolves throughout the Design Definition process.
integrity
95
The system design matures and evolves over time. The three stages of design are Conceptual, Preliminary, and ______________ design. Usually, a design continues to evolve for various reasons: to accommodate new technologies, address
obsolescence, improve _____________ and functionality, account for a new threat to its operation and/or integrity, etc. Consequently, robustness and resilience of the system design need to be considered often and on many levels of the hierarchy. The system architecture can specify principles for evolution of the design. Where possible, features should be included in the design to accommodate change according to the specified architectural principles and design objectives.
Detailed, performance
96
The purpose of the _____________ process is to provide a rigorous basis of data and information for technical understanding to aid decision-making and technical assessments across the life cycle.
System Analysis
97
Analysis is "a detailed examination or study of something so as to determine its nature, structure, or essential features" (Oxford, 2020). System analysis uses models and simulations to assess the utility and integrity of system requirements, architecture, and design across the life cycle. Models are incomplete representations of ___________ that answer four types of questions: Match Columns:
descriptive what should we do?
predictive what has happened?
prescriptive how should an entity be defined
definitive what could happen?
reality, (1) descriptive-what has happened? (2) predictive-what could happen? (3) prescriptive-what should we do? And (4) definitive-how should an entity be defined?
98
Common approaches and tips for the _____________ process include:
? Models can never simulate all the behavior of a system. Make sure that the parameters and data inputs are part of the operation field.
? Models evolve during the project: by modification of parameters, by entering new data, and by the use of new tools.
? It is recommended to concurrently use several types of models in order to compare the results and to take into account another characteristic or property of the system.
? Results of a simulation shall always be given in their modeling context: tool used, selected assumptions, parameters and data introduced, and variance of the outputs.
System Analysis
99
Match the SE processes to answers different questions:
1) The Business or Mission Analysis process
2) The Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition and System Requirements Definition processes
3) The System Architecture Definition and Design Definition processes
4) The Verification and Validation processes
5) The Project Planning and Project Assessment and Control processes
D. to analyze and estimate candidate OpsCon and/or candidate business models
B. to analyze issues relating to conflicts among the set of requirements
A. to analyze and estimate architectural and design space characteristics of candidate architectures
D. to understand and quantify the cost, schedule, information value, and the uncertainty characteristics inherent among the different choices of methods
C. to obtain estimates along with range of uncertainty of system metrics against established targets and thresholds, especially with respect to the technical measures (MOEs, MOPs, and TPMs)
1D, 2B, 3A, 4D, 5C
100
The results of system analyses and estimations are provided to the _______________ process as data, information, and arguments for selecting the alternatives or candidates that provide the best value to the decision maker(s) based on their value, risk, and time preferences. In some cases, the results may be provided to the _______________________, if the information is needed to monitor the progress of the system or project against its system objectives, performance thresholds, or growth targets.
Decision Management, Project Assessment and Control process
101
A ________ analysis should consider the life cycle costs (LCC), which can be adapted according to the project and the system. The LCC may include labor and non-labor cost items
___________ address the operational system as opposed to the project risks. The System Analysis process is often needed to perform the technical assessments
that provide quantification and understanding of the probability or impact of a potential risk or opportunity.
System ___________ analysis is a term for a broad category of analyses that evaluate the degree or extent to which a system meets one or more criteria in its intended operational environment. The criteria may be derived from desired system characteristics, such as TPMs, MOPs, MOEs.
Cost, Technical Risks, Effectiveness
102
The purpose of the _________________ process is to realize a specified system element.
Implementation
103
During the ____________ process, engineers follow the requirements allocated and derived to the system element to fabricate, code, or build each individual element outlined in system element descriptions. System element requirements are verified and system element stakeholder requirements are validated. If subsequent configuration audits reveal discrepancies, iterative and recursive interactions occur with predecessor activities or processes, as required, to correct them.
Implementation
104
Common approaches and tips for the _____________ process include:
? Nearly all implementations have some issues requiring adjustments. Schedule pressures to get the system into operation can lead to lapses in tracking the needed adjustments. To assist consider the following:
? Keep the team (e.g., the Integrated Product Development Team (IPDT)) engaged to assist with configuration issues and redesign.
? Inspections are a proactive way to build in quality (Gilb and Graham, 1993).
? Conduct hardware conformation audits or system element level hardware verification; and ensure sufficient software configuration verification prior to entering the Transition process.
? Identify the enabling systems and materials needed for implementation early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
Implementation
105
The ____________ process typically focuses on the following four forms of system
elements:
? Hardware-Output includes fabricated or adapted physical elements.
? Software-Output includes software code and executable images
? Operational resources-Output includes procedures and training.
? Services-Output includes specified services. These may be the result of one or more hardware, software, or operational elements resulting in the service.
implementation
106
The ____________ process can support either the creation (fabrication or development) or adaptation of system elements. Newly created products have more flexibility to be designed and developed to meet the needs of the Sol without modification.
Implementation
107
The purpose of the ___________ process is to synthesize a set of system elements into a realized system that satisfies the system requirements.
Integration
108
The focus of integration is the combination of system elements (hardware, software, and operational resources) that compose the Sol and verifying the correctness of the static and dynamic aspects of interfaces between, and interaction among, the implemented system elements. Integration constraints and objectives are identified and considered during the definition of the system requirements, architecture, and design. The interaction of the Integration process with the _______________ processes early in the development stage is essential for avoiding integration issues during the system realization.
system definition
109
The ____________ process works closely with the Verification and Validation (V & V) processes. The process checks that all boundaries between system elements have been correctly identified and described.
Integration
110
Common approaches and tips of the ________________process include:
? The ____________ strategy should account for the schedule of availability of system elements and account for the personnel that will use, operate, maintain, and sustain the system).
? Development of _______________ enablers, such as tools and facilities, can take as long as the system itself and should be started early in the project.
? The _____________ process of complex systems should use flexible approaches and techniques.
? Integrate aggregates in order to detect faults more easily. The use of the coupling matrix technique applies for all strategies and especially for the bottom-up _______________ strategy (see Section 3.2.4).
Integration
111
An _____________ is made up of several system elements and their physical and functional interfaces.
aggregate
112
The ___________strategy relies on the defined physical and functional architectures of the system and the organizational structure developing it. The detailed implementation of the strategy is described in an integration plan that defines the actions to be taken to mitigate integration risks and the configuration of expected aggregates of evolving system elements.
integration
113
Which of the following are not integration techniques
- Global (or Big Bang) integration
- Bottom-up integration
- Inside-out integration
- Top-down integration
- Recursive integration
- Incremental integration
- Subset integration
- Criterion-driven integration
- Integration "with the stream"
- Architecture Integration
- Model-based integration
Inside-out, recursive, architecture
114
The ____________ strategy addresses management approaches to address risks such as communications issues. These include use of Integrated Product Teams (IPTs), Interface Control Working Groups (ICWGs), Systems Engineering Integration Teams (SEITs), or Technical Performance Measures (TPMs).
integration
115
[Horizontal, Vertical] integration typically refers to activities that are performed across elements that appear in a common hierarchy level of the system architecture.
Horizontal
116
[Horizontal, Vertical] integration typically refers to activities that are performed to help ensure that system elements at a given system hierarchy level are consistent with, and satisfy the expectations of, the system or higher-level system elements.
Vertical
117
The purpose of the _______________ process is to provide objective evidence that a system, system element, or artifact fulfils its specified requirements and characteristics.
Verification
118
The ___________ process can be applied to any engineering artifact, entity, or information item that has contributed to the definition and realization of the Sol .
Verification
119
The _____________ process provides objective evidence with an acceptable degree of confidence to confirm:
1. The artifact or entity has been made "right" according to its specified requirements and characteristics,
2. No anomaly (error/defect/fault) has been introduced at the time of any transformation of inputs into outputs.
3. The selected verification strategy, method, and procedures will yield appropriate evidence that if an anomaly were introduced, it would be detected.
Verification
120
Common approaches and tips for the ______________ process include:
? Identify the enabling systems and materials needed for verification early in the life cycle
? Avoid conducting verification only late in the schedule or reducing the number of verification activities due to budget or schedule issues
? Review requirements as they are defined to ensure that the entities to which they apply can be verified against those requirements.
Verification
121
Planning for _____________ should begin when the system requirements are being defined. As the system requirements are defined. it is recommended to define the success criteria, method, and strategy and obtain acquirer and approval authority approval.
verification
122
If verification activities must be reduced due to cost and schedule concerns or other constraints, this should be done using a ________-based approach.
risk
123
A verification action describes verification in terms of an entity, the reference item
against which the entity will be verified, the expected result, the verification strategy and method to be used, and on which level of integration of the system . The performance of a verification action onto the submitted entity provides an obtained result which is compared with the _________ result
expected
124
Examples of verification actions include:
? Verification of a stakeholder requirement
? Verification of a __________ requirement
? Verification of a model or simulation
system
125
Match the verification method with definition:
1. Inspection
2. Analysis
3. Demonstration
4. Test
A. A qualitative exhibition of functional performance, usually accomplished with no or minimal instrumentation or test equipment.
B. An examination of the item against visual or other evidence to confirm compliance with requirements.
C. An action by which the operability, supportability, or performance capability of an item is quantitatively verified when subjected to controlled conditions that are real or simulated.
D. Use of analytical data or simulations under defined conditions to
show theoretical compliance
1-A, 2-D, 3-A, 4-D
126
The execution of the verification actions occurs _______________ for each layer as the elements are integrated. System integration, system verification, and system validation continues until the integrated Sol has passed system verification.
recursively
127
It is important to know, at any time, the status of the verification activities, anomalies discovered, and noncompliances. This knowledge enables the project to better manage the __________ and ____________ as well as estimate the risks of noncompliance against the possibly of eliminating some of the planned verification actions to meet budget and schedule constraints.
budget, schedule
128
The purpose of the _________ process is to establish a capability for a system to provide services specified by stakeholder requirements in the operational environment.
Transition
129
The _________ process installs a Sol into its operational and maintenance environment. This process makes the Sol an integral part of the acquiring organization systems, business processes, and capabilities so the organization starts to benefit from using and sustaining the system's services.
Transition
130
The ______________ process coordinates with verification and validation performed in the target environment, with the activities of operation and maintenance of new systems and services, and with the disposal of systems, system elements, materials, and services no longer needed for operation. It may identify system requirements and design gaps. It may also drive changes, augmenting the initial stakeholder and system requirements.
Transition
131
A common approach and tip for the ______________ process is:
Identify the enabling systems and materials needed for to do this process, early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
Transition
132
The _______________ process is not limited to the Sol going into service as a part of the operating organization. Each system element undergoes ____________ during its integration into a larger element, and the element's _________ must be formalized in the agreements between key stakeholders, such as prime contractors and its subcontractors.
Transition, transition, transition
133
The ________________ process comprises all activities required to establish the capability for a system to provide services for the benefit of the organization acquiring the system.
Transition
134
The transition of new systems to a newly created organization (or a new element into a new system) differs from transitioning a new system or element into an existing organization or system. The former is sometimes referred to as _____________ or "clean sheet" transitioning, and the latter as ______________ or "legacy systems"
greenfield, "brownfield
135
A phase of ______________ operation (also referred to as "burn-in") is sometimes included in the transition activities, allowing operations to get used to the new system before acceptance, resulting in concurrent and iterative application of the Transition and Operation processes. The warranty period may delay the transfer of responsibility for the system maintenance, resulting in concurrency and iteration between the Transition and Maintenance Processes.
provisional
136
The purpose of the __________ process is to provide objective evidence that the system, when in use, fulfills its business or mission objectives and stakeholder needs and requirements, achieving its intended use in its intended operational environment.
Validation
137
The _____________ process provides objective evidence with an acceptable degree of confidence to confirm:
1. The "right" artifact or entity has been made according to the stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements.
2. Whether or not these artifacts, entities, or information items, will result in the right Sol.
3. The system does not enable unintended users to negatively impact the intended use of the system or use the system in an unintended way.
Validation
138
Common approaches and tips for the ____________ process include:
? Identify the enabling systems and materials needed for it early in the life cycle.
? It also reveals the effects the Sol may have on enabling, interfacing, and interoperating systems.
? Involve the broadest range of stakeholders that is practical, including end users and operators.
? It should include actions that provide insight as early as possible.
? Start to develop its planning as the OpsCon, operational scenarios, stakeholder needs, and stakeholder requirements are defined.
? It's actions during the Business or Mission Analysis process (see Section 2.3.5.1) include assessment of the OpsCon through operational scenarios that exercise all system operational modes and demonstrating system level performance.
Validation
139
The stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements the Sol is being validated against are derived from the mission statement, goals, objectives, critical measures, constraints, risks, and set of _______________. The life cycle concepts include scenarios and use cases that are performed in a specific operational environment by the intended users for not only operation, but during other life cycle stages including production, operation, support, and retirement. It is common for these scenarios and use cases to be exercised during the conduct of the validation procedures within the operational environment with the intended users. A positive validation result obtained in a given environment by specific users can turn noncompliant if the environment or class of users change.
set of life cycle concepts
140
During validation, especially for walkthroughs and similar activities, it is highly recommended to involve intended ______________. The stakeholders who were involved in defining the life cycle concepts and needs must be presented with the results of the validation activities to ensure their needs and requirements have been met.
users/operators
141
Planning for validation should begin when the stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements are being defined. As they are defined, it is recommended to define the validation ___________ criteria, method, and strategy and obtain acquirer and approval authority approval.
success
142
If validation activities must be reduced due to cost and schedule concerns, this should be done using a risk-based approach. The SE practitioner is urged to resist the temptation to blindly _________ the number of, or the costliest, validation activities due to budget or schedule concerns. Gaps and misses are more costly and time consuming to correct later in the life cycle-especially when these gaps show up at final system acceptance by the acquirer or regulatory agency. If additional _____________ become available that allow an opportunity to validate lower-risk, non-critical stakeholder needs and stakeholder requirements, the project should do so to reduce risk and increase the degree of confidence.
reduce, resources
143
Examples of validation actions include:
? Validation of a stakeholder requirement
? Validation of a system requirement
? Validation of a model or _____________
? Validation of the system ______________
? Validation of the system design
? Validation of a realized Sol
simulation, architecture
144
Typical validation outcomes include:
? Acceptance.
? __________.
? Readiness for Use.
? Qualification.
Certification
145
The planning of the validation is done _________ for each level as the definition of the system or a system element evolves. System integration, system verification, and system validation continue until the integrated Sol has passed system validation.
recursively
146
With the increased use of models and simulations as part of the design process,
validation activities can be conducted earlier in the life cycle prior to ____________.
implementation
147
Because the behavior of a system is a function of the interaction of its elements, a major goal of systems validation is assessing the behavior of the integrated physical system and identifying ___________ properties not specifically addressed in the stakeholder needs or stakeholder requirements nor identified during modeling and simulations. _________ properties may be positive or negative.
emergent, emergent
148
It is important to know, at any time, the status of the validation activities, anomalies discovered, and noncompliances. This knowledge enables the project to better manage the ________ and __________ as well as estimate the risks of noncompliance against the possibly of eliminating some of the planned validation actions to meet budget and schedule constraints.
budget,schedule
149
The purpose of the __________ process is to use the system to deliver its services.
Operation
150
The ____________ process focuses on delivering services provided by the system for the benefit of the operating organization. This process is often concurrent with the Maintenance process of sustaining the system's services.
Operation
151
During ______________, the Sol functions as an integral part of the operating organization. The Sol contributes to the Business or Mission Analysis process by cooperating with human operators and diverse interfacing systems. It may identify the system requirements and design gaps. It may also drive changes, augmenting the initial stakeholder and system requirements.
Operation
152
A common approach and tip for the ____________ process include:
? Identify the enabling systems, products, services, and materials needed for operation early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
Operation
153
The stakeholders' needs and requirements regarding operation constitute a significant source of the system requirements
and a significant input to the Validation and ___________ processes.
Transition
154
During operation, the Sol interfaces with other systems in its environment . These systems are Sols in their own right, and their life cycles must be coordinated with the life cycle of your Sol. The operational environment may change and evolve while the system is being developed. Considerable effort must be invested in recognizing these changes and updating the______________ ( especially _______ and _______) and all derived requirements.
life cycle concepts, Con Ops, OpsCon
155
The purpose of the __________ process is to sustain the capability of the system to provide a service.
Maintenance
156
The __________ process focuses on sustaining the system's ability to provide services for the operating organization's benefit. This process is often concurrent with the Operation process of delivering the system's services. It includes the activities to provide operations support, logistics, and material management to sustain satisfactory quality, performance, and availability of the system's services. It may identify requirements and design gaps. It may also drive changes in the Sol, augmenting the initial stakeholder and system requirements.
Maintenance
157
Common approaches and tips of the _________ process include:
? Identify the enabling systems, products, services, and materials needed for maintenance and logistics support early in the life cycle to allow for the necessary lead time to obtain or access them.
? The maintenance of the Sol must be coordinated with the maintenance of other systems in its environment (the interoperating and enabling systems). The failure or malfunction of any system can trigger maintenance actions in other systems due to technical, organizational, economic, or political concerns.
Maintenance
158
Match the different mode of maintenance to definition:
1. Corrective maintenance
2. Preventive maintenance
3. Predictive maintenance
4. System modification
A. prevents failures and malfunctions by scheduling routine maintenance actions to sustain optimal system operational performance.
B. is a form of maintenance that extends the system's useful life by changing the system to sustain existing capabilities in the changing environment.
C. is a more advanced preventive maintenance that utilizes data collected during the system operations to predict failures and malfunctions and schedule the maintenance actions in advance.
D. restores system services to normal operations.
1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
159
The purpose of the ___________ process is to end the existence of a system element or system for a specified intended use, appropriately handle replaced or retired elements, appropriately handle any waste products, and to properly attend to identified critical disposal needs.
Disposal
160
The ____________ process is conducted in accordance with applicable guidance, policy, regulations, and statutes throughout the system life cycle.
Disposal
161
The ____________ process generates requirements and constraints that must be balanced with defined stakeholders' needs and requirements and other design considerations. Incremental ___________ can be applied at any point in the life cycle ( e.g., prototypes that are not to be reused or evolved, waste materials during manufacturing, parts that are replaced during maintenance). This process may also be used to manage the transition of system elements from a current Sol to a different system.
Disposal
162
Common approaches and tips of ___________ process includes:
? Consider donating an obsolete system
? Concepts such as zero footprint and zero emissions drive current trends toward corporate social responsibility
? Design the Sol to support the circular economy. Maintaining materials in closed loops maximizes material value without damaging ecosystems (McDonough, 2013).
Disposal
163
The project team conducts analyses to develop solutions for disposition of the system, system elements, and waste products based on evaluation of alternative disposal methods. Methods addressed should include storing, dismantling, reusing, _____________, reprocessing, and destroying systems, system elements, materials, consumables, waste, and enabling systems,.
recycling
164
Disposal analyses are essential to ensure the planning and __________ of disposal throughout the life cycle. The following are key points with respect to the analyses.
? Analyses include consideration of costs (including LCC), disposal sites, environmental impacts, health and safety issues, responsible agencies, handling and shipping, supporting items, and applicable international, national, and local regulations.
? Analyses support selection of system elements and materials that will be used in the system design and should be readdressed to consider design and project impacts from changing ________ and regulations throughout the life cycle.
feasibility, laws
