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A&P2 > ch.26 > Flashcards

ch.26 Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys, being retroperitoneal, don’t have a visceral peritoneal serous covering. They have 3 layers to cover them, though; in order, from deep to superficial:

A

renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia

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2
Q

This hollow area within the kidney carries the blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and renal pelvis of the ureter.

A

renal sinus

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3
Q

outer layer of the kidney

A

renal cortex

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4
Q

inner layer of kidney tissues

A

renal medulla

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5
Q

These cone-shaped areas in the renal medulla are bundles of collecting tubules and nephron loops.

A

renal pyramids

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6
Q

The tip of each pyramid; urine flows from this structure into the urine-collecting area within the renal sinus.

A

renal papillae

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7
Q

One of these structures surrounds each renal papilla, collecting urine.

A

minor calyx

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8
Q

These collect urine from a cluster of minor calyces

A

major calyx

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9
Q

The expanded superior end of the ureter, this is continuous internally with the major calyces and collects urine until stretched enough to initiate a peristaltic wave down the ureter.

A

renal pelvis

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10
Q

The functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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11
Q

Literally, this term means ‘little ball’ - this structure is a cluster of about 50 fenestrated capillaries, from which plasma is filtered to begin the process of urine formation.

A

glomerulus

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12
Q

This double-layered structure captures the fluid that filters from the glomerular capillaries

A

Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule

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13
Q

This distinct structure includes a glomerulus and its capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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14
Q

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule consists of these peculiar-looking cells, and functions to provide structural reinforcement for the unusually high BP in glomerular capillaries

A

podocytes

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15
Q

The fluid found in the space of the glomerular capsule.

A

glomerular filtrate

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16
Q

The duct that leads from the glomerular capsule to the medullary pyramid.

A

renal (uriniferous) tubule

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17
Q

PCT

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

100% of organic nutrients are reabsorbed in this portion of the renal tubule

A

PCT

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19
Q

This region of the nephron is easily identified in section by its brush border

A

PCT

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20
Q

These thick-walled regions of the nephron are identifiable in the medulla and actively absorb salt.

A

thick segments of nephron loops

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21
Q

This is the only thing absorbed in the thin segments of the nephron loops.

A

water

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22
Q

DCT

A

distal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

Tubular fluid flows from the ascending limb of the nephron loop into this.

A

DCT

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24
Q

The granular cells of the afferent arteriole plus the macula densa of the DCT, and the mesangial cells in between, form this structure that secretes renin when BP drops or tubular fluid is too concentrated.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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25
Q

While not properly part of a nephron, tubular fluid in this part of the renal tubule can still have its concentration regulated

A

collecting duct

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26
Q

Blood travels from an interlobular artery, through this vessel, then into a glomerular capillary network.

A

afferent arteriole

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27
Q

Blood leaves the glomerulus into this vessel, from which it flows next into the peritubular capillaries

A

efferent arteriole

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28
Q

These vessels carry blood through the renal cortex.

A

interlobular A and V

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29
Q

These vessels carry blood through the renal medulla

A

interlobar A and V

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30
Q

These vessels carry blood across the tops of the renal pyramids, at the border between cortex and medulla.

A

arcuate A and V

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31
Q

These straight capillaries parallel the nephron loops.

A

vasa recta

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32
Q

The nerve supply to the kidneys, these nerves arise from one of the autonomic ganglia in the abdomen and carry sympathetic nerve fibers.

A

renal nerves

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33
Q

3 regulatory substances secreted by the kidneys

A

renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol

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34
Q

This enzyme, secreted by the JGA of each nephron, catalyzes activation of angiotensin.

A

renin

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35
Q

This hormone, secreted by the kidneys, stimulates an increase in RBC production by bone marrow

A

erythropoietin

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36
Q

This steroid hormone, derived from vitamin D and manufactured in part by skin, liver, and kidneys, increases calcium reabsorption by gut, kidney, and bone to increase blood Ca concentration

A

calcitriol

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37
Q

This pathway for movement of fluid from plasma to capsular space consists of the fenestrated glomerular capillary, a thin, porous basement membrane, and the filtration slits of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.

A

filtration membrane

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38
Q

GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

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39
Q

normal GFR in males is how many mL/min?

A

125 mL/min

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40
Q

Normal BP in glomerular capillaries

A

50 mm Hg

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41
Q

Normal capsular fluid pressure

A

10 mm Hg

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42
Q

Net Filtration Pressure is calculated the same way here as it was in the vessels chapter: BP minus fluid hydrostatic P minus BCOP. The normal NFP is

A

10 mm Hg

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43
Q

The ability of the nephrons to automatically adjust GFR to blood flow, based on the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback, is called…

A

renal autoregulation

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44
Q

The main mechanism of sympathetic regulation of renal function is

A

vasoconstriction of renal arteries

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45
Q

This is how nutrients are reclaimed from the tubular fluid, so they aren’t lost in the urine.

A

tubular reabsorption

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46
Q

This is how wastes are added to the tubular fluid, to increase the rate of their removal from the body and increase their concentration in the urine.

A

tubular secretion

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47
Q

Many nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and lactate, are reabsorbed in the PCT by cotransport with this ion.

A

sodium

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48
Q

This hormone stimulates reabsorption of calcium and secretion of phosphate in the nephron

A

parathyroid hormone

49
Q

How much water is reabsorbed by the PCTs?

A

about 65% of the original filtrate volume

50
Q

True or false: urea, the major nitrogenous waste, is reabsorbed from the renal tubule

A

true , but only passively, not by active transport

51
Q

Where does all the stuff reabsorbed from the renal tubule go?

A

peritubular capillaries

52
Q

The highest rate of reabsorption by the tubular epithelial cells. This is a high number for nutrients, low for waste products.

A

transport maximum

53
Q

Term for glucose in the urine

A

glycosuria

54
Q

About how much of the original filtrate volume is absorbed by the nephron loops?

A

15%

55
Q

The 3 major nitrogenous wastes

A

urea, uric acid, creatinine

56
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

57
Q

Ammonia formed in the liver when amino acids are deaminated is too toxic to release into the blood, so it is converted into …

A

urea

58
Q

Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, this hormone stimulates the collecting ducts to increase reabsorption of water, reducing urine output.

A

antidiuretic hormone

59
Q

This hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, targets cells of the DCT and upper collecting ducts, and stimulates secretion of K+ and reabsorption of Na+. As a result, water reabsorption increases

A

aldosterone

60
Q

This hormone is an antagonist to ADH and aldosterone. It increases the excretion of sodium and water, so it lowers blood volume. Also, it is a vasodilator, so it lowers vascular resistance. Both of these factors lower blood pressure.

A

atrial natriuretic hormone (atrial natriuretic peptide)

61
Q

This is the stimulus for secretion of ANH by muscle cells (myocytes) of the atria

A

Chronic stretching of atrial myocytes

62
Q

Disorder of excessive water in urine (producing 10-20 LITERS of urine a day) due either to ADH hyposecretion or defective ADH receptors

A

Diabetes insipidus

63
Q

Excessive urine formation; associated with diabetes

A

polyuria

64
Q

The three components, in the renal medulla, that make up the countercurrent mechanism to create, maintain, and use the salt gradient in the renal pyramids

A

nephron loop, vasa recta, and collecting duct

65
Q

This, along with sodium and chloride, is found in high concentration in the renal pyramids, so that water can be reabsorbed out of the collecting ducts

A

urea

66
Q

This is suggestive of kidney infection

A

pyuria

67
Q

Normal value and normal range of urine pH

A

6.0, 4.5 - 8.2

68
Q

A drug that increases urine volume; often given to lower systemic BP.

A

diuretic

69
Q

Effect of alcohol that results in polyuria

A

inhibits ADH secretion

70
Q

This is a measure of waste removal; a high value for this is typical for wastes

A

renal clearance

71
Q

Type of tissue lining ureters and bladder.

A

transitional epithelium

72
Q

This part of the bladder floor is not distensible; its corners are marked by the orifices of the ureters and urethra

A

trigone

73
Q

This reflexively opens when the bladder contracts; its smooth muscle is part of the bladder wall around the internal urethral orifice.

A

internal urethral sphincter

74
Q

Composed of skeletal muscle in the pelvic floor, this can be voluntarily controlled to prevent or allow micturition.

A

external urethral sphincter

75
Q

This visceral reflex involves stretch receptors in the bladder wall, afferent and efferent fibers in the pelvic nerves, and the detrusor muscle of the bladder as the effector.

A

micturition reflex

76
Q

Control center of the micturition reflex before voluntary control is established is the ____ and with voluntary control is the ___.

A

sacral region of the spinal cord; micturition center in pons

77
Q

The term for various areas in the body with different fluid composition.

A

fluid compartments

78
Q

Percent of total body water that is intracellular fluid.

A

65% (males) - 70% (females)

79
Q

The term for tissue (interstitial) fluid, plus plasma & lymph, plus specialized subcompartments

A

extracellular fluid

80
Q

Two sources of body water

A

ingested and metabolic

81
Q

Part of the brain where the osmoreceptors within the thirst center are located.

A

hypothalamus

82
Q

Stimulating this is the only way to actually increase body water; all other regulatory mechanism can at best only reduce the loss of water

A

thirst center (and drinking)

83
Q

Loss of water and salts, proportionately (such as with hemorrhage).

A

hypovolemia

84
Q

Loss of water but not salts; body fluids become more concentrated.

A

dehydration

85
Q

excess water intake, dilutes body fluids resulting in hyponatremia

A

hypotonic hydration (water intoxication)

86
Q

A problem in which total body fluid might be normal, but blood volume is too low - from edema commonly, as in anaphylactic shock.

A

fluid sequestration

87
Q

This is the most abundant cation in the ICF.

A

K ions

88
Q

This is the most abundant cation in the ECF.

A

Na ions

89
Q

Excess sodium in blood

A

hypernatremia

90
Q

Although low in both ECF and ICF, calcium is higher in the …

A

ECF

91
Q

Phosphate is higher in (ICF or ECF)

A

ICF

92
Q

High blood potassium level, can alter cell polarity and excitability - even stop the heart.

A

hyperkalemia

93
Q

This ion, whether in excess or deficiency, can be associated with making nerve and muscle cells less excitable.

A

potassium

94
Q

Deficiency of calcium, can cause tetany

A

hypocalcemia

95
Q

A positive ion is called a _____.

A

cation

96
Q

A negative ion is called an ____.

A

anion

97
Q

In an ionic molecule, if the cation is hydrogen, the molecule is a(n) _____.

A

acid

98
Q

In an ionic molecule, if the cation is anything but hydrogen, the molecule is a(n) _____.

A

salt

99
Q

H2CO3 is called _____ ______.

A

carbonic acid

100
Q

When H2CO3 dissociates, it forms HCO3-, which is called _____.

A

bicarbonate

101
Q

When proteins change their shape due to changes in the concentration of H+, we say they are _____.

A

denatured

102
Q

A _____ is a proton acceptor

A

base

103
Q

OH- is called _____.

A

hydroxide

104
Q

True or false: hydroxide is a strong base

A

true

105
Q

Water’s pH is _____ because the concentration of H+ equals the concentration of OH-.

A

neutral

106
Q

What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.001 moles per liter?

A

3

107
Q

The hydrogen ion concentration of a solution of pH 2 is ___ times (higher or lower?) than a solution of pH 3.

A

10 times higher

108
Q

A _____ is a chemical that prevents large changes in the pH

A

buffer

109
Q

The 3 primary chemical buffers of the blood

A

bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

110
Q

This results from hypoventilation and results in acidemia.

A

hypercapnia

111
Q

The 3 primary urine buffers

A

bicarbonate, phosphate, ammonia

112
Q

This anion is usually reabsorbed by renal tubular cells, as a result of carbonic anhydrase activity, resulting in an increase in the buffering capacity of the blood.

A

bicarbonate

113
Q

Results from any hypoventilatory disorder, such as COPD, brainstem injury, or barbiturate use

A

respiratory acidosis

114
Q

Results from hyperventilation, caused often by panic attacks.

A

respiratory alkalosis

115
Q

Caused by loss of bicarbonate (such as in diarrhea), ingestion of excess acid, or production of excess metabolic acids (ketoacidosis in diabetes, or lactic acidosis in seizures).

A

metabolic acidosis

116
Q

Caused by ingestion of antacids or vomiting of stomach acid.

A

metabolic alkalosis

117
Q

Correcting the blood pH when there is a metabolic disorder

A

respiratory compensation

118
Q

Correcting the blood pH when the respiratory system has caused an imbalance.

A

Renal compensation

119
Q

This ICF cation can be shifted with pH imbalances; acidosis shifts it out of cells, and alkalosis shifts it into cells.

A

potassium

A&P2 (3 decks)

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