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Clinical Pathology2 > ch.26alterationsinbloodproteins > Flashcards

ch.26alterationsinbloodproteins Flashcards

1
Q

what is the principle measurement of serum or plasma protein by refractometry?

A

The degree of light refraction of a solution is proportionate to the concentration of solid

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2
Q

What are examples of that falsely increase total protein reading?

A

-marked hyperlgycemia (>700 mg/dl)
-Azotemia (BUN>300 mg/dL)

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3
Q

Does hemolysis alter refractometer reading of total protein?

A

No

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4
Q

How do automated analyzers measure serum total protein?

A

biuert reaction

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5
Q

Immunoelectrophoresis is used for:

A

quantifying each immunoglobulin subtype (IgG, IgM, etc.) via electrophoresis followed by immunoprecipitation using subtype-specific antibodies

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6
Q

Common causes of panhyperproteinemia-dehydration in horses?

A

-acute toxic colitis of unknown cause
-acute salmonellosis
-potomac horse fever
-intestinal clostridiosis
-intestinal strangulating obstruction
-proximal enteritis
-gram-negative sepsis, endotoxemia
-botulism
-choking (esophageal obstruction)

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7
Q

Common causes of hyperglobulinemia in horses

A

abdominal (mesenteric) abscess (including “bastard”strangles
pulmonary abscess
chronic pleuritis
purpura haemorrhagica
Equine infectious anemia

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8
Q

What are less common causes of panhyperproteinemia-dehydration

A

chronic renal failure
chronic hepatic disease
guttural pouch mycosis with dysphagia
equine protozoal myelitis
salt toxicity
lead toxicity
yellow star thistle poisoning (dysphagia)
Dysphagia of unknown cause

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9
Q

What are less common causes of hyperglobulinemia in horses?

A

chronic hepatic disease
strongylosis
lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
immune mediated cytopenia

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10
Q

Common causes of panhyperproteinemia- dehydration in ruminants?

A

-ruminal acidosis (grain overload)
-abomasal torsion
-acute salmonellosis
-peritonitis
-sepsis, toxemia (mastitis, metritis)
intussusception
-vagal indigestion
- oral or pharyngeal foreign body with dysphagia
-coccidosis
-diarrhea, undifferentiated
-salt toxicity
-toxins, poisonous plants

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11
Q

Common causes of hyperglobulinemia in ruminants?

A

abdominal abscess (traumatic reticuloperitonitis, uterine tear, other)
chronic pneumonia
umbilical abscess
lymphoma
caseous lymphadenitis (sheep & goats)
other abscess

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12
Q

What are physiologic responses to dehydration?

A

increased urine concentration
decreased urine output
increased fluid absorption from GIT
increased thirst

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13
Q

polyclonal gammopathy definition

A

increase in globulins due to production of different immunoglobulins by plasma cell sin response to chronic antigenic stimulation

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14
Q

Hypergammaglobulinemia definition

A

increased IgG in the gamma-globulin fraction
– seen in range of chornic inflammatory disease: including internal abscessation,chronic heptatitis, immune mediated diseases and lymphoma

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15
Q

monoclonal gammopathy definition

A

increased production of a single immunoglobulin by a clonal population of B lymphs/plasma cells

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16
Q

Monoclonal gammopathies are most commonly seen in:

A

neoplasia of B lymphs or plasma cells
—> B cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, B-cell lymphocytic leukemia

17
Q

Causes of hyperfibrinogenemia in horses:

A

abscess (abdominal or other)
chronic peritonitis
pleuritis
pneumonia
osteomyelitis
septic arthritis
cholelithiasis
neoplasia with inflammatory response
vasculitis (equine purpura hemorrhagica)
cellulitis
GI inflammation
salmonellosis

18
Q

Causes of hyperfibrinogenemia in Ruminants

A

acute mastitis, esp coliform
abscess
traumatic reticuloperitonitis, pericarditis
salmonellosis
GI inflammation
Pyelonephritis
endocarditis
pleuritis
pneumonia
chronic peritonitis
necrotic rumenitis
lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
septic arthritis
cellulitis
omphalophlebitis
osteomyelitis

19
Q

Examples of negative acute phase proteins

A

albumin
trasnferrin
transthyretin (prealbumin)
apoliportein A1

20
Q

What is ferritin?

A

an iron storage and transport protein

21
Q

Albumin accounts for what percentage of colloid oncotic pressure?

A

75%

22
Q

The synthesis of albumin is controlled by?

A

plasma colloidal oncotic pressure

23
Q

Where is albumin produced?

A

in liver

24
Q

When does liver disease cause hypoalbuminemia?

A

chronic diffuse, liver dzes
– chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, hepatic neoplasia

25
Q

Common causes of hypoalbuminemia in horses?

A

parasitism
glomeruloneprhitis
pyelonephritis
idiopathic granulomatous enteritis
intestinal lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
Salmonellosis
Equine ehrlichial enterocolitis (Potomac horse fever)
Colitis
Clostridiosis
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug toxicosis

26
Q

Common causes of panhypoproteinemia

A

excessive fluid therapy or water intake
acute blood loss
GI ulceration
strangulating GI obstruction, incarceration
Protein-losing enteropathy (chronic granulomatous bowel disease)
acute severe peritonitis
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug toxicity
Glomerulonephritis

27
Q

What are clinically important mechanisms of PLE?

A

defective lymphatic transport
increased mucosal permeability
GI parasitism
exudative inflammation
ulcerative blood loss

28
Q

Common causes of hypoalbuminemia in ruminants

A

protein malnutrition, starvation
amyloidosis
pyelonephritis
glomerulonephritis
salmonellosis
Johnes disease
Trichostrongylus infection

29
Q

Common causes of panhypoproteinemia in ruminants

A

excessive IV fluid therapy or water intake
acute blood loss
abomasal ulceration
blood-sucking GI or external parasites
GI ulceration

30
Q

acute blood loss can result in what blood abnormalities?

A

hypoproteinemia
anemia

31
Q

Differentials for GI blood loss include

A

abomasal or gastric ulcers
blood-sucking parasites (Haeomonchus contortus)
viral or bact infecton
azotemia
neopalstic invasion
exposure to casutic hcemicals

32
Q

Congestive heart failure can result in either hypoalbuminemia or panhypoproteinemia via what mechanisms?

A

dilution effects from palsma volume expansion
protein loss into ascitic fluid and interstitium
decreased albumin synthesis d/t hepatic congestion &/or concurrent inflammation

Clinical Pathology2 (7 decks)

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