Ch.3 Flashcards by Brad Roush

Organization of the Body

Cells>tissues>organs>organ systems

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Cell Metabolism

entire collection of chemical processes involved in maintaining life

Anabolic = synthesis (requires energy)
Catabolic = breakdown (releases energy)

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Urinary System

Major components
Kidneys
Urinary bladder
Ducts that carry urine

Functions
*Removes waste products from the circulatory system
Acid/base balance
Chemical balance
Water balance

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Kidneys

Every day your kidneys process approx 200 quarts of blood. They filter more than 2 quarts (16 cups) of waste products and water.

To rid the body of these waste product, the kidneys aide in the production of urine.

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Endocrine System

Major components
Endocrine glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenals)
Hypothalamus
Pancreas

Functions
Regulates metabolism, growth, and reproduction by producing and releasing hormones

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Hormones

regulatory compound that is synthesized in a gland, released into the blood, and then acts on a target cell
Permissive - turn on
Antagonistic - turn off
Synergistic - work in cooperation with another hormone

Examples
Insulin: Produced by the pancreas, Regulates blood glucose level; promotes storage of energy
Thyroid hormones: Produced by the thyroid gland, Regulate growth and metabolic rate

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Hormones that aide in blood glucose control:

Glucagon: Excreted in response to low blood glucose level.

Insulin: Excreted in response to a high blood glucose level. Insulin helps glucose enter the cell = a lowered blood glucose level.

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Digestive System: Functions

Digestion - a process by which large ingested molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down to produce basic nutrients that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract
Absorption - a process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the blood or lymph system

Elimination of wastes
Assists immune system

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Digestive System: Structures

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract:
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

Accessory organs:
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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1: Mouth and salivary glands

Chew food
Perceive taste
Moisten food with saliva
Lubricate food with mucus
Release a small amount of starch-digesting (amylase) and fat-digesting (lipase) enzymes
Initiate swallowing reflex

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2: Esophagus

Lubricate with mucus

Move food to the stomach by peristaltic waves (swallowing)

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3: Stomach

Store, mix, dissolve and continue the digestion of food
Dissolve food particles with secretions
Kill microorganisms with acid
Release protein-digesting (pepsin) and fat-digesting (lipase) enzymes
lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus
Regulate emptying of dissolved food into the small intestine
Produce intrinsic factor for vitamin B-12 absorption

Holding tank for food:
Usual capacity = 4 cups
Size may be altered by surgery

Gastric secretions:
Water
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Enzymes
Mucus

Mechanical digestion:
Churning

Chemical digestion:
HCl
Pepsin
Lipase

Absorption (small amount):
Water
Alcohol

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4: Liver

Produce bile to aid fat digestion and absorption

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5: Gallbladder

Store, concentrate, and later release bile into the small intestine

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6: Pancreas

Secrete sodium bicarbonate and enzymes for digesting carbohydrate (amylase), fat (lipase), and protein (trypsin and chymotrypsin)

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7: Small intestine

Mix and propel contents
Lubricate with mucus
Digest and absorb most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestinal cells (lactase, sucrase, maltase, peptidases)

Site of most chemical digestion and absorption

Microvilli and Villi are where the absorption occurs

Villi shrink and absorption slows in a malnourished state

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8: Large intestine

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Mix and propel contents
Absorb sodium, potassium, and water
Lubricate with mucus
Synthesize some vitamins and short-chain fatty acids
Form feces

No villi or enzymes

Large bacterial population (>500 different species):
Probiotics and prebiotics

9: Rectum

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Hold feces and expel via the anus, which is the opening to the outside of the body

Motility

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movement of food through the GI tract

Peristalsis

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a coordinated muscular movement that propels food along the GI tract

Sphincters

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muscular rings that prevent the backflow of food matter through the GI tract

Bolus

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moistened mass of food that moves from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach

Chyme

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watery mixture of partially digested food and digestive secretions

Feces

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mass of water, fiber, tough connective tissues, bacterial cells, and sloughed intestinal cells formed in the large intestine and excreted through the anus

5 Chemical (basic) Tastes

``` Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (savoriness) ```

Mechanical digestion

Chewing Swallowing Peristalsis & Motility

Chemical digestion

Digestive juices: Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small intestine Mouth: Saliva – starches and fat Saliva – health of teeth Stomach: Hydrochloric acid – protein Small Intestine: Bile (from the liver) Pancreatic juice (pancreas produces enzymes, hormones) Digestive enzymes in the wall of the intestine Site of the most chemical digestion and absorption Large Intestines: Fiber and Electrolytes Fluid is needed Digestive Enzymes

Digestive tract

flexible, muscular tube approximately 26 feet in length.

Process of Swallowing

The tongue pushes bolus of food toward pharynx The epiglottis closes over the trachea, allowing bolus of food to travel down the esophagus The bolus of food moves down the esophagus; trachea reopens

Peristalsis

occurs to move the food through the body using the muscle of the GI tract

Villi

fingerlike protrusions that participate in digestion and absorption of food

Microvilli

extensive folds on the mucosal surface of the absorptive cells; increase surface area x 600

Accessory Organs

Liver: Produces bile Excretion of metabolic wastes Gallbladder: Stores bile Pancreas: Produces enzymes Produces hormones Produces bicarbonate

Bile

Produced by the liver Stored in the gallbladder Necessary for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

Enterohepatic circulation

some components of bile are reabsorbed from the small intestine and return to the liver to be used again

Major Storage Sites of Nutrients

Fat Cells: nearly limitless storage capacity in adipose tissue Liver: carbohydrates and glycogen Muscles: carbohydrates and glycogen Amino acids: limited amount in the blood Vitamins and minerals: liver, adipose tissue, bones

Genome

an organism’s complete set of DNA

Nutritional Diseases with a Genetic Link

Cardiovascular disease Obesity Diabetes Cancer

Heartburn

Relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter allows gastric contents to reflux into the esophagus: Obesity Pregnancy Symptoms: Gnawing pain in the chest (“heartburn”) Nausea Gagging

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Recurrent heartburn

Treatment of GERD

Long-term consequences of untreated GERD: Damage and inflammation Bleeding Increased risk of esophageal cancer ``` Medical treatment for GERD: Antacids H2 blockers Proton pump inhibitor Motility agents ```

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

``` Symptoms: Abdominal pain (relieved by a bowel movement) Diarrhea, constipation, or alternating episodes of both Gas, bloating, visible abdomen distention ``` ``` Possible causes: Altered intestinal peristalsis Inflammation Food sensitivities Depression, stress Decreased pain threshold ```

Ch.3 Flashcards

(42 cards)