ch.3 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is Perception?
The process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment
Explain these 3 words from the definition of perception
- Interpreting, order, meaning
Interpreting (filter)
Order (prioritizing on values needs, motives, and upbringing)
Meaning (meaning making machines, assigning meaning. Ex: therefore, he’s a good guy, so a good boss. Spit out decisions)
In all perceptional situations, we are doing these 3 things consciously or unconsciously.
What are the 3 components of brain
- Perceiver: Perceiver’s experience, needs and emotions can affect his or her perception of the target
- Target: Perception involves interpretation of the target
Ambiguous targets are susceptible to interpretation - Situation: Context (e.g. timing) can affect what one perceives
Explain the Target component from the components of perception
Perception involves interpretation of the target
Ambiguous targets are susceptible to interpretation
The more ambiguity around your target, the more you’ll make things up in your head. So need to find more info before making decisions
What is prototype?
The most typical attributes over a large body of humans
What is the social identity theory and explain
Your sense of self in comprise of personal identity and social identity:
- People (perceivers) form perceptions of themselves (target) based on their characteristics and memberships in social categories (situation). This can lead to unhealthy ego
- People (perceivers) form perceptions of others (target) based on their memberships in social categories (situation). Esto puede afectar como uno trata las personas.
Name the five parts of the Perceptual process
- Environmental stimuli
- Observation
- Perceptual Selection
- Perceptual Organization/construction
- Interpretation
Explain the first part of the perceptual process: environemntal stimuli
Sensory overload can occur when there are too many stimuli for a person to process
Cosas pasan alrededor de nosotros cada dia. No Podemos concentrarnos en cada cosa que pasa.
*Idiosyncratic.
Explain 3rd part of the perceptual process: perceptual selection
We can only pay attention to certain things.
since only some of the stimuli in the environment are sensed, perceptual selection limits what will be perceived
External factors (e.g. size, intensity, contrast etc.)
Internal factors (e.g. familiarity, source credibility etc.)
Explain the 4th part in the perceptual process: Perceptual organization / construction
What is perceptually selected is due in part to what others are perceiving
Perceptual grouping
E.g. Proximity, Similarity
Use them to construct a picture in our heads about a target.
Explain the 5th part of the perceptual process: Interpretation
Attribution errors, etc
Assign a meaning to what we have perceived. **This is where we make attributions.
Explain Bruner’s model of the perceptual process and compare it to the original perceptual process.
- Unfamiliar target encountered (environmental stimuli)
- Openness to target cues (Observant)
- Familiar cues encountered (perceptional selection)
- Target categorized (construction of reality)
- Cue selectivity (perceptional selection)
- Categorization strengthened (construction of reality)
Both are the same, except for the fact that Bruner’s model switches between the construction of reality and the perceptional selection and keep repeating itself.
Ex: Had 30 minutes to decide whether to hire a random person or not. Everyone pressed in the first 5 minutes if they should hire the person or not. Left 25 minutes, find more data to see if you made the right decision.
What is attribution?
The process by which causes, or motives are assigned to explain people’s behaviors
- there are internal and external attributions
Ex: You’re called in bc Charlie’s productivity is decreasing. Most humans will say it’s an internal cause(lazy, poor attitude, etc)
Explain internal attributions
The perception that outcomes are due to personality or intellect rather than situation or environment
Explain external attributions
The perception that outcomes are due to situation or environment rather than the person
E.g. Is high performance on the exam due to ability or easy questions???
What are attribution clues?
**IMPORTANT
Three implicit questions guide our decisions as to whether we should attribute the behavior to dispositional or situational causes:
- Consistency cues
- Consensus cues
- Distinctiveness cues
Ex of qs for evaluation: What are the 3 pieces of data that I, the manager need to look at before I declare what to do with ‘‘Charles’’?
Explain consistency cues from attribution cues
* see graphs
Does the person engage in the behaviour regularly and consistently?
Provides information about employee’s behavior over time.
Explain Consensus cues from the 3 attribution cues
* also see graph
Do most people engage in the behaviour, or is it unique to this person?
Provides an opportunity for comparison across employees. Ex: high consensus( all employees are doing poorly). Low( nomas una persona esta hacienda el trabajo mal y los demas bien.
Explain distinctiveness cues from the 3 attribution cues.
* Also see graph
Does the person engage in the behaviour in many situations, or is it distinctive to one situation?)
This data allows for comparison across tasks. Consiste en mirar si el empleado tiene dificulta en una parte de su trabajo nomas. O en todas las partes.
What are the 8 perceptual errors?
* Need to know 9 but we’ll figure it out
- Stereotyping
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Halo
- Projection
- Implicit Personality Theories
- Primacy effect
- recency effect
- Reliance on certain traits
What are the 3 biases in attribution
* Which is also part of the 9 perceptual errors (I think)
- Fundamental Attribution Error
- Actor Observer Effect
- Self-serving Bias
Explain the fundamental attribution error from the 3 biases in attribution.
Tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanations for behavior at the expense of situational explanations
We think it’s internal when it’s another person.Le hechamos la culpa a los demas
Explain the actor-observer effect from the 3 biases in attribution
Propensity for actors and observers to view the causes of the actor’s behavior differently
Escape goating. Shift the blame to others, and throw others under the bus.
actor: target
Observer: perceiver
Explain the self-serving bias from the 3 biases in attribution
Tendency to take credit for successful outcomes and to deny responsibility for failures.
