Ch3 - Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

IL-1 major activities and clinical relevance

A

Activate T cells and macrophages, promote inflammation

Implicated in septic shock, RA, and atherosclerosis

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2
Q

IL-4 major activities and clinical relevance

A
Activation of lymphocytes, monocytes and IgE class switching
Relevant for mast cells ensitisation, allergy and nematode infections
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3
Q

IL-5 major activities and clinical relevance

A

Differentiation of Eosinophils

MAbs against IL5 inhibit late phase eosinophilia in animal models

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4
Q

IL-6 major activities and clinical relevance

A

Activate lymphocytes, differentiation of B cells, stimulation of acute phase proteins

Acts as growth factor in myeloma and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis

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5
Q

IL-8 major activities and clinical relevance

A

Chemotaxis of neutrophils basophils and T cells

Levels increased in disease accompanied by netutrophilia

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6
Q

TNF α major activities and clinical relevance

A

promote inflammation

MAbs beneficial in in RA and crohns

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7
Q

What is the pathophysiology of chronic granulomatous disease?

A

failure to generate O2 in neutrophils and monocytes and inability to kill phagocytosed bacteria.

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8
Q

Which cytokines are responsible for fever?

A

IL-1 IL6 and TNFα

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9
Q

What are chemokines?

What are their receptors? What do they stimulate?

A

Substances that attract immune cells to areas where response is required.
G protein coupled receptors: activation results in extension of pseudopodia and therefore migration

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10
Q

What are the key triggers for each of the classic, mannose binding lectin pathway and alternative pathway for the complement cascade?

A

Classic: immune complexes
Mannose binding lectin: lectin binds mannose groups in bacteria
Alternative: viruses, bacteria, fungi, tumour cells

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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of the complement cascade?

A

Opsonisation, chemotaxis and lysis
Activate B cells and aid immune memory
Dispose of waste products

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12
Q

What are TLRs and what is their relevance in innate immunity?

A

TLRs act as pattern recognition receptors
Bacterial LPS produced by gram -ve organisms and CD14 bind to TLR4 leading to activation of gene transcription producing innate immune responses.
TLR5: flagellal
TLR 2: microbial lipoproteins
TLR9: bacterial DNA

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13
Q

TGF B major activities and clinical relevance

A

immunosuppression

Useful in MS and Myasthenia gravis

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14
Q

GMCSF major activities and clinical relevance

A

promotes granulocytes and monocytes

used to reduce neturopenia in chemo etc.

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15
Q

Interferon alpha major activities and clinical relevance

A

induces resistance to viral infection

Treats Kaposi sarcoma, chronic Hp b a nd C infection

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16
Q

Interferon beta major activities and clinical relevance

A

Induces resistance to viral infection

Reduces frequency and severity of MS relapses

17
Q

What are the two key branches of acquired immunity?

A

Humoral: mediated by γ-globulin fraction of plasma proteins, major defense against bacterial infections
Cellular immunity: cytotoxic t cells attack and destroy cells bearing the antigen that activated, major defense against viral and fungal infections and tumors

18
Q

What are some examples of antigen presenting cells and where are they located?

A

Langerhan’s cells: skin
Dendritic cells: lymph nodes and spleen
macrophages and b cells can function as APCs

19
Q

Outline the pathway from APC ingestion of a protein to antibody production via B cells and Cell death via T cells

A
  1. APC ingests antigen, presents with MHC2 on cell surface
  2. MHC complex recognised by CD4 t cell
  3. IL2 autocrine activates to multiply CD4
  4. CD4 activates B cells via cytokines, and T cells via cytokines to produce antibodies in the former and to induce cell death via the latter

(MHC1 from APC can also activate the cytotoxic CD8 Ts)

20
Q

What is the function of IgA

A

localised protection in external secretions eg. intestine

21
Q

What is the function of IgG

A

complement activation

22
Q

What is the function of IgM

A

Complement activation

23
Q

What is the function of IgD

A

Antigen recognition by B cells

24
Q

What is the function of IgE

A

Reagin activity: releases histamine from basophils and mast cells

25
List the contents of platelet granules and their key roles.
Granule 1: serotonin, ADP, secreted in response to platelet activation Granule 2: secreted proteins e.g PDGF: stimulates wound healing and vascular smooth muscle e.g platelet activating factor: induces thromboxane and increases AA derivatives
26
Name some severe combined immunideficiencies (SCID) and describe where they act.
MHCI and MHCII deficiency (between t cell precursor and CD4/CD8 Hyper IgM syndrome (between Naive B cell and plasma cells) X glinked agammaglobulinaemia (between B cell precursor and Naive B cell)
27
How do tacrolimus and cyclosporin work to prevent transplant rejection?
Prevent the dephosphorylation of NF-AT which is involved in the pathway between T cell receptor activation and gene transcription to release stimulatory cytokines.
28
What is the role of thrombopoeitin? Where is it produced? What does high serum thrombopoeitin mean?
Produced in liver. Facilitates megakaryocyte maturation into platelets. When platelets are LOW, less is bound and more is available to stimulate production.
29
What is the role of NFκB in the inflammatory response? What inhibits this?
Stimulated by cytokines, viruese and oxidants resulting in transcription of genes for inflammatory mediators. Inhibited by corticosteroids.
30
What are the acute phase proteins and when are they highest?
``` INCREASE CRP: day 0-5 Serum Amyloid A : day 0-7 Haptoglobin: day 7-14 Fibrinogen: day 10-14 C3: day 5-7 ``` DECREASE Albumin: day 5 Transferrin: day 5