Ch4 pt1-Anatomy of the Nervous System

Question 1

brain & the spinal cord

Answer 1

central nervous system (CNS)

Question 2

nerves outside of the brain & spinal cord that connect them to the rest of the body

Answer 2

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 3

part of PNS that consists of axons conveying messages from sense organs to the CNS & from CNS to muscles [voluntary movement, react to touch stimulus]

Answer 3

somatic nervous system

Question 4

controls the heart, intestines, & other organs (involuntary)

Answer 4

autonomic nervous system

Question 5

toward the back

Answer 5

dorsal

Question 6

toward the stomach (front)

Answer 6

ventral

Question 7

toward front of brain

Answer 7

anterior

Question 8

toward back of brain

Answer 8

posterior

Question 9

part of the CNS within the spinal column; communicates with all the sense organs & muscles except those in the head

Answer 9

spinal cord

Question 10

Law that states entering dorsal roots (axon bundles) [receive info from senses] carry sensory info, & exiting ventral roots carry motor info [carry info to muscles]

Answer 10

Bell-Magendie law

Question 11

clusters of neurons outside spinal cord (contain cell bodies of sensory neurons)

Answer 11

dorsal root ganglia

Question 12

_____: neuron cluster OUTSIDE CNS; ____: neuron cluster INSIDE CNS

Answer 12

ganglion; nucleus

Question 13

in center of spinal cord; densely packed with cell bodies & dendrites

Answer 13

gray matter

Question 14

consists mostly of myelinated axons (lighter in color); carry info from gray matter to brain or other areas of spinal cord

Answer 14

white matter

Question 15

counterpart to somatic nervous system [mostly involuntary, automatic responses]

Answer 15

autonomic nervous system

Question 16

network of nerves that prep organs for vigorous activity (exert energy) [fight or flight]

Answer 16

sympathetic nervous system

Question 17

increased breathing & heart rate, decreased digestive activity (part of sympathetic nervous system)

Answer 17

fight or flight response

Question 18

facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses (conserve energy)

Answer 18

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 19

3 major divisions of the brain

Answer 19

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 20

consists of medulla, pons, & cerebellum (most primitive area)

Answer 20

hindbrain

Question 21

consists of medulla, pons, midbrain, & certain central structures of the forebrain

Answer 21

brainstem

Question 22

enlarged extension of spinal cord, controls some vital reflexes through cranial nerves (breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, sneezing)

Answer 22

medulla (medulla oblongata)

Question 23

lies anterior & ventral to medulla & contains nuclei for several cranial nerves [location where axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord] (increase arousal & readiness of other parts of brain)

Answer 23

pons

Question 24

has ascending(output to cerebral cortex; increase arousal & attention) & descending(control motor areas of spinal cord) portions

Answer 24

reticular formation

Question 25

sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying brain's readiness to respond to stimuli

Answer 25

raphe system

Question 26

- large hindbrain structure with many deep folds - contributes to control of movement, balance, & coordination - helps people shift attention back & forth between auditory & visual stimuli - sensory timing

Answer 26

cerebellum

Question 27

roof of midbrain

Answer 27

tectum

Question 28

swellings on each side of tectum (important for sensory processing)

Answer 28

superior colliculus [vision] & inferior colliculus [hearing]

Question 29

intermediate level of midbrain (nuclei for 3rd & 4th cranial nerves; extension of pathways between forebrain & spinal cord or hindbrain)

Answer 29

tegmentum

Question 30

gives rise to dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

Answer 30

substantia nigra

Question 31

most anterior & most prominent part of mammalian brain (consists of left & right hemispheres; each hemisphere organized to receive sensory info & to control muscles)

Answer 31

forebrain

Question 32

outer portion of forebrain [controls motor movement from opposite side of body]

Answer 32

cerebral cortex

Question 33

interlinked structures that form border around brainstem (important for motivations & emotions; consists of olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus of cerebral cortex)

Answer 33

limbic system

Question 34

consists of thalamus & hypothalamus

Answer 34

diencephalon

Question 35

pair of structures in center of forebrain (sensory info is sent here, then processed & sends output to cerebral cortex) (except for smell)

Answer 35

thalamus

Question 36

small area near base of brain just ventral to thalamus (related to motivated behaviors [eating, drinking, sexual behavior], alters release of hormones) [when damaged leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors]

Answer 36

hypothalamus

Question 37

endocrine gland attached to base of hypothalamus (releases hormones)

Answer 37

pituitary gland

Question 38

group of critical structures lateral to thalamus [caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus; exchange info with cerebral cortex, responsible for planning sequences of behavior & for certain aspects of memory & emotional expression]

Answer 38

basal ganglia

Question 39

lie on ventral surface of forebrain (key role in arousal, wakefulness, & attention) [releases acetylcholine to widespread areas in cerebral cortex]

Answer 39

basal forebrain

Question 40

large structure between thalamus & cerebral cortex (critical for learning & memory; especially encoding new memories)

Answer 40

hippocampus

Question 41

four fluid-filled cavities within brain (filled with cerebrospinal fluid)

Answer 41

ventricles

Question 42

membranes that surround brain & spinal cord (only source of pain receptors in brain)

Answer 42

meninges

Question 43

cushion brain, source of nutrients, reservoir hormones; created by choroid plexus inside ventricles

Answer 43

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 44

condition in infants caused when flow of CSF is obstructed, accumulating within ventricles or subarachnoid space, increasing pressure on brain -- skull bones may spread causing overgrow head

Answer 44

hydrocephalus

Question 45

receives input from hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex

Answer 45

nucleus basalis

Question 46

____ allow medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in head, parasympathetic output to organs

Answer 46

cranial nerves