Ch9-Wakefulness & Sleep Flashcards

(69 cards)

1
Q

endogenous rhythm

A

self-generated

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2
Q

rhythm that prepares animal for season changes [ex)birds migrating]

A

endogenous circannual rhythm

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3
Q

rhythms that last about a day [24hr cycle]

A

endogenous circadian rhythms

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4
Q

circadian rhythms change as a function of ____

A

age

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5
Q

____ is critical for resetting rhythms

A

light

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6
Q

rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

A

free-running rhythm

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7
Q

stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm [ex) light]

A

zeitgeber [time-giver]

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8
Q

a disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

A

jet lag

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9
Q

going east to west, we ________ our circadian rhythm [gain time]

A

phase-delay

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10
Q

going west to east, we _______ our circadian rhythm [lose time]

A

phase-advance

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11
Q

jet lag causes stress which causes cortisol levels to rise, this causes _______

A

destruction of neurons in hippocampus, damaging memory

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12
Q

who stated the brain generates its own rhythms [biological clock]

A

richter

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13
Q

part of the hypothalamus; provides the main control of the circadian rhythms for sleep & body temp [if damaged: body produces inconsistent rhythms that are no longer synchronized to light & darkness]

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus [SCN]

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14
Q

What happens if a neuron is removed from the suprachiasmatic nucleus [SCN]?

A

the neuron continues to produce action potentials in rhythmic patterns

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15
Q

mutation in genes can affect the _____ rhythm production

A

SCN

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16
Q

small branch of optic nerve extends directly from the retina to the ____; light resets this through the retinohypothalamic path

A

SCN

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17
Q

retinohypothalamic path to SCN comes from special population of ______ cells

A

retinal ganglion

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18
Q

the retinal ganglion cells respond directly to light due to having their own photopigment called ______ [located near nose; responds slowly]

A

melanopsin

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19
Q

what two genes were discovered that generate circadian rhythms?

A

period [per] & timeless [tim]

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20
Q

The proteins per & tim start in ____ amounts early in the morning and _____ during the day; during the night these proteins begin to _____ until morning

A

small; increase; decrease

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21
Q

Per & Tim interact with a protein called Clock to _____ sleepiness

A

cause

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22
Q

SCN regulates waking & sleeping by controlling activity in other brain areas, including ______

A

pineal gland

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23
Q

the pineal gland releases hormone ______ which influences both circadian & circannual rhythms

A

melatonin

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24
Q

secretion of melatonin beings __ to __ hours before bedtime

A

2-3

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25
brain state characterized by moderate decrease in brain activity & decreased response to stimuli
sleep
26
extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity; fairly steady, little response to stimuli
coma
27
alternate between sleepy & moderate arousal, no awareness of surroundings; no purposeful activity, some autonomic response to stimuli
vegetative state
28
limited comprehension, brief periods of purposeful action
minimally conscious state
29
no brain activity, nor stimuli response
brain death
30
records average of electrical potentials of the cells & fibers in the brain areas nearest each electrode on the scalp [records rises or falls when cells act in synchrony]
electroencophalograph [EEG]
31
combo of EEG & eye-movement records
polysomnograph
32
stage of sleep where EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves; includes alpha waves, brain activity begins to decline
stage 1 sleep
33
have frequency of 8 to 12 per second; characteristics of relaxation
alpha waves
34
stage of sleep characterized by sleep spindles & K-complexes
stage 2 sleep
35
result from oscillating interactions between cells in the thalamus & the cortex [12-14hz waves during burst of at least half a sec]
sleep spindle
36
sharp high amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower, positive wave
K-complex
37
stage of sleep characterized by slow-wave sleep [indicating that neuronal activity is highly synchronized]
stages 3 & 4
38
stages 1-4 are known as ____ sleep
non-REM [NREM]
39
stage of sleep where EEG shows irregular, low voltage fast waves that indicate increased neuronal activity; however, postural muscles of body are more relaxed than in other stages
REM sleep
40
Cycle of Sleep [each cycle lasts 90mins]
Alpha(1), 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1
41
as the night goes on _____ decreases, while _____ increases [stages of sleep]
stage 4, REM
42
the reticular formation is critical for _____; contains neurons with axons ascending into brain & neurons with axons descending into spinal cord
arousal
43
- part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal - maintains arousal during wakefulness & increases it - stimulation of area awakens sleeping individuals or increases alertness in those already awake
pontomesencephalon
44
small structure in the pons that emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal [axons release norepinephrine; strengthens storage of recent memories & increases wakefulness]
locus coeruleus
45
hypothalamus has several pathways that influence arousal; one releases ___, the other releases ___
histamine; orexin
46
released by hypothalamus, produces excitatory effects throughout brain
histamine
47
antihistamine drugs produce ___
sleepiness
48
peptide neurotransmitter released by pathway from hypothalamus; necessary for staying awake
orexin
49
the brain's main inhibitory transmitter that suppresses activity to allow us to remain asleep
GABA
50
sleep can be local within the brain; examples of this are _____
sleepwalking, lucid dreaming, dolphins
51
during REM: activity ____ in pons & limbic systems -activity ____ in primary visual cortex, motor cortex, & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but _____ in parts of parietal & temporal cortex
increases, decreases, increases
52
high amplitude electrical potentials associated with REM
PGO waves
53
REM sleep depends on relationship between which two neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine & serotonin
54
inadequate sleep; gauged by how one feels the next day
insomnia
55
impaired ability to breathe while sleeping [multiple brain areas appear to have lost neurons]
sleep apnea
56
condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during day
narcolepsy
57
attack of muscle weakness while person remains awake [associated with narcolepsy]
cataplexy
58
4 symptoms of narcolepsy
attacks of sleepiness during day occasional cataplexy sleep paralysis-when falling asleep/waking up hypnagogic hallucinations-dreamlike exp
59
characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs & sometimes the arms while sleeping; occurs mostly during NREM
periodic limb movement disorder
60
people with this disorder move around vigorously during REM periods, apparently acting out dreams
REM behavior disorder
61
experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror; occurs during NREM
night terrors
62
Why do we sleep?
to conserve energy, restoration of brain & body, muscle consolidation
63
function of hibernation
to conserve energy while food is scarce
64
if someone learns something, then goes to sleep, their memory will ___
improve
65
sleep strengthens memory by ____
weeding out the less successful connections | [brain compensates for strengthening some synapses by weakening others]
66
which age group spends the most time in REM?
infants
67
In regards to types of learning; REM sleep is important for _____, while NREM sleep is important for ______
motor skills; verbal material [lists of words]
68
dream represents the brain's effort to make sense of sparse & distorted info; dreams begin with PGO waves
activation-synthesis hypothesis
69
dreams begin with arousing stimuli generated within brain combined with recent memories & any info the brain is receiving from the senses [regards dreams as thinking that takes place under unusual conditions]
clinico-anatomical hypothesis