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Child Psychology > Ch.5 > Flashcards

Ch.5 Flashcards

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1
Q

average weight and length on newborn

A

7.5 lb; 20 in

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2
Q

what is the most rapid growth occur at

A

first 2 years; more rapid than any other time and occurs in spurts

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3
Q

what occurs during the first two years of life

A

the body begins to catch up in growth, so that the head is only 1/5 of body length

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4
Q

what are the four principles that govern growth

A

cephalocaudal, proximodistal, hierarchical integration, independence of systems

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5
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

pattern of growth from head and upper body parts to the rest of the body (head to tail)

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6
Q

the cephalocaudal principle states that (what growth occurs before what(

A

we gain visual abilities (head) before walking (tail)

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7
Q

proximodistal

A

development from center of body outwards (near to far)

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8
Q

the proximodistal principle states that (what growth occurs before what(

A

trunk develops before arms and legs
learn how to use arms before fingers

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9
Q

principle of hierarchical integration

A

simple skills typically develop separately and ind. but are later integrated into more complex ones

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10
Q

hierarchical integration states that complex skills such as ____

A

grasping an object requires infant to first learn how to control and integrate the individual fingers (simple task)

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11
Q

principle of the independence of systems

A

dif body systems grow at dif rates

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12
Q

how many neurons do newborns have at birth

A

100-200 billion

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13
Q

explain neural connections at birth vs as you grow older

A

of connections and network of neurons becomes more complex over time

little connections at birth but complexity of neural networks and number of connections increases over time

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14
Q

TF: babies are born with just the right amount of neurons that they need

A

false; born with more than they need

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15
Q

synaptic pruning enhances…

A

certain capabilities, increases sufficiency of NS

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16
Q

how does synaptic pruning occur

A

experiences don’t stimulate neural connections (synapses) which causes these unnecessary/unused neurons to be eliminated

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17
Q

what happens to the remaining neurons when synaptic pruning occurs?

A

their connections expand or are eliminated

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17
Q

When neurons are repositioned, they are arranged by ____

A

function

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18
Q

areas where neurons are placed (their functions and when they are most developed)

A

subcortical levels: HR, breathing (most developed at birth)

cerebral cortex: higher order functioning, thinking, reasoning (most developed over time)

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19
Q

shaken baby syndrome

A

brain rotates causing blood vessels to tear and destroys connection between neurons

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20
Q

effects of shaken baby syndrome

A

blindness, auditory impairments, speech disabilities, behavioral disorders, death

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21
Q

when is the brain’s plasticity the greatest

A

first years of life

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22
Q

what impacts the size of neurons and the structure of neural connections? this in turn affects what?

A

sensory experiences; size of neurons and structure of connections affect brain structure and weight

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23
Q

barren environments ____ ____ development

A

impede brain development

24
Q

study of cats

A

when goggles that restricted vision for vert/horiz lines were place on cats, and they were removed as an adult, they still couldn’t see those lines.

however, when goggles were placed on adult cats; they could still see lines when the goggles were removed

25
Q

sensitive period

A

specific, limited time where you’re susceptible to env. inf that relate particularly to facet of development

26
Q

what is one of the neonate’s major missions; something that takes time and effort to do

A

to integrate sep. behaviors (ex. to sleep thru the night)

27
Q

what are the ways in which behavior is integrated

A

rhythms

28
Q

rhythms

A

repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior

29
Q

examples of rhythms

A

changes from wakefulness to sleep, sucking, breathing

30
Q

state

A

a major body rhythm: degree of awareness it displays to both internal and external stimulation

31
Q

weight and height at 1 and 2

A

1: 32 in, 22
2: 36, 30

32
Q

what body part develops more rapidly than others

A

head

33
Q

cortical regions develop as

A

capacities develop

34
Q

why is the cerebral cortex plastic

A

areas not committed to certain functions, high capacity for learning, early experiences influence organization and function

35
Q

experience during sensitive periods improves

A

efficiency of neural circuits

36
Q

early and extreme sensory deprivation reesults ins

A

permanent brain damage and loss of functions

37
Q

states include various behaviors to

A

waking up/sleeping like fussing, cryting, alertness

38
Q

a change in state requires a change

A

in the amount of stimulation to get baby’s attention

39
Q

a change in state results in a change in

(3 months vs after)

A

electrical brain waves

3 months: irregular brain waves
after 3 months: more mature and regular

40
Q

what does it mean to “sleep like a baby”

A

sleep comes in spurts of 2 hrs, followed by wakefulness

41
Q

sleep for infants: 1 week vs 16

A

1: start to sleep more at night and stay up during the day

16: 6 cont. hrs during the day, regular patterns of naps during the day

42
Q

what is REM?

A

rapid eye movement found in adults and older children; associated with dreaming

43
Q

REM sleep of infants vs adults

A

infants: 1/2 of sleep
adults: 20% of sleep

44
Q

TF:active sleep increases as you age

A

false

45
Q

do babies dream

A

although they have active sleep period of eye movement back n forth, high hr, reespiration, etc., this is dif from REM (they’re not dreaming)

46
Q

how do we know that babies don’t dream, and when do they?

A

limited experiences to dream abt, brain waves dif from adults dreaming

3-4 months (brain waves similar to adults)

47
Q

what is the purpose of REM in infants and why is it important?

A

a means for the brain to stimulate itself (autostimulation); this is important because it activates NS – infants spend little time alert

48
Q

sleep patterns are ______ but _____ influences them

A

predetermined; environment and cultural practices

49
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome: unexplained death of healthy infants in their sleep

50
Q

what do pediatricians recommend to prevent sids

A

back to sleep guideline
sleeping with pacifier

51
Q

reasons why babies are immobile

A

heavy, huge heads that they can’t lift
- short limbs that impede movement
- fatty - no muscle so they lack strength

52
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary, unlearned, organized, automatic responses that occur in the presence of certain stimuli

53
Q

do some reflexes remain throughout our lives?

A

yes, eye blinking reflex!

54
Q

why do reflexes disappear?

A

increased voluntary behavior as babies gain more control over their muscles OR reflexes are the foundation for more complex behaviors (these complex behaviors encompass these reflexes) because reflexes stimulate parts of brain resp. for complex behavior

55
Q

example of how reflexes contribute to complex behaviors

A

exercise of the stepping reflex stimulates a part of the brain’s cortex that can help develop the ability to walk

56
Q

training of walking led to

A

stimulation of stepping reflex>stimulates part of the cortex >earlier locomotioin

57
Q

all reflexes are predetermined and universal throughout infants but there are

A

cultural variations in their display

58
Q
A

Child Psychology (4 decks)

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