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Medical Terminology > Ch5 Digestive System terms > Flashcards

Ch5 Digestive System terms Flashcards

1
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

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2
Q

amino acids

A

small building blocks of protein (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested

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3
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch

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4
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

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5
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant). It literally means hanging on to.

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6
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules; composed of pigments, cholesterol, and salts

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile

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8
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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9
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

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10
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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11
Q

colon

A

large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum.

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12
Q

common bile duct

A

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also call the choledoch

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13
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

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14
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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15
Q

dentin

A

the primary material found in teeth; it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

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16
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

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17
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long

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18
Q

elimination

A

act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces

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19
Q

emulsification

A

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat

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20
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

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21
Q

enzyme

A

a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. digestive ______ break down complex foods to simpler substances.

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22
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

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23
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested

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24
Q

feces

A

solid wastes; stool

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25
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver; stores bile.

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26
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar

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27
Q

glycogen

A

starch; stored form of glucose

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28
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

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29
Q

ileum

A

third part of the small intestine

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30
Q

incisor

A

one of four front teeth in the dental arch

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31
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

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32
Q

jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine

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33
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

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34
Q

liver

A

a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins, produces blood proteins, and destroys worn-out red blood cells. weighs between 2.5-3 lbs

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35
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach also called the cardiac spincter

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36
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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37
Q

molar teeth

A

the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.

38
Q

premolar teeth

A

the fourth and fifth teeth before the molars

39
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and throat.

40
Q

pancreas

A

organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)

41
Q

papillae

A

small elevations on the tongue; a nipple-like elevation

42
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

43
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. in the gastrointestinal tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates

44
Q

pharynx

A

throat

45
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

46
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein

47
Q

pulp

A

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

48
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.

49
Q

oylorus

A

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

50
Q

rectum

A

last section of the large intestine, connection the end of the colon and the anus

51
Q

rugae

A

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

52
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

53
Q

saliva

A

digestive juice produced by salivary glands

54
Q

sigmoid colon

A

fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

55
Q

sphincter

A

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

56
Q

stomach

A

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the part’s are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section)

57
Q

triglycerides

A

fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids, and one part glycerol

58
Q

uvula

A

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

59
Q

villi

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

60
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver

61
Q

Etiology

A

the study of ause of diease

62
Q

Choledochotomy

A

Incision of the common bile duct

63
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of the roof of the mouth

64
Q

Postprandial (PC)

A

After meals

65
Q

Chole-dochojejunostomy

A

New opening between the common bile duct and the jejunum

66
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

67
Q

peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the membrane around the abdomen

68
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

inflammation of the large intestine

69
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

70
Q

sialadenitis

A

inflammation of a salivary gland

71
Q

inflammation of the small and large intestines

A

IBD, Inflammatory bowel dieases

72
Q

heptatitis

A

inflammation of liver

73
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

74
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of mouth

75
Q

gingivitis/periodonitis

A

inflammation of gums

76
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation ofthe third part of the small intestine.

77
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region

78
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver diease resulting from alcoholism and malnutrition

79
Q

ileus

A

failure of peristalsis

80
Q

cholecystolithiasis

A

calculi in the sac that stores bile

81
Q

ulcer

A

sore or lesion of the muscous membrane in the stomach or duodenum

82
Q

dysentery

A

painful, inflamed intestines often caused by bacterial infection

83
Q

diverticula

A

abnormal side pockets in the intestinal wall

84
Q

irritable bowl syndrome

A

group of gastroinestinal symptoms associated with stress, but without inflammation of the intestines.

85
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

86
Q

hematochezia

A

bright, fresh red blood in stool

87
Q

asites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

88
Q

diarrhea

A

loose, watery stool

89
Q

flatulence

A

gas expelled through the anus

90
Q

steatorrhea

A

discharge of fat in the feces

91
Q
A

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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